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Brain tumors rank as the 10th leading cause of death for men and women, affecting both adults and children1. This underscores the urgent need for effective strategies in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to address this significant health challenge. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred method for identifying brain tumors. Recent advancements in image classification technology, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have greatly improved tumor classification accuracy. The findings of this study have significant implications for clinicians specializing in the early detection of brain tumors. By leveraging advanced neural network models, healthcare professionals can potentially improve the accuracy and efficiency of tumor diagnosis, leading to better patient outcomes and possibly earlier interventions. This underscores the importance of leveraging cutting-edge technology, such as deep learning and neuroimaging, in medical diagnostics. In this study, CNNs are used for brain tumor classification, successfully categorizing brain images into two classes: benign and malignant with an impressive accuracy of 97%.1www.cancer.net

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The utilization of bee products for the treatment of various illnesses and promotion of a healthy lifestyle can broadly be termed as apitherapy. The bee products like honey, bee venom (BV) and royal jelly (RJ) among others, have numerous factors that show positive impact on the human body from wound healing to its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The important bioactive compounds present in these bee products are studied to have a better understanding on their modes of action and how they work in treating several diseases. The use of bee products in therapyis an emerging field of integrative medicine, which provide natural and sustainable solutions for improving human health and wellbeing.  

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Propolis is a naturally occurring resin that honeybees gather from a variety of plant sources such as Baccharis dracunculifolia, Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, birch, poplar etc. Because of its unique chemical composition and remarkable medical properties, propolis has garnered a lot of interest. The bioactive components of propolis are the source of its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory characteristics, making it a potential option for medicinal applications. All of these compounds work together to provide broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties as well as wound treatment. With an emphasis on propolis's potential as a helpful natural medicine with possible impacts on human health, this brief paper aims to outline the chemical composition of propolis and its numerous therapeutic capabilities. Examining propolis's intricate chemistry, this paper highlights the polyphenols' existence, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils in propolis.  

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Problem- : Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that is slow in onset but leads to dementia, unusual behaviour, personality changes and ultimately death. Loss of cholinergic cells, particularly in the basal forebrain, is accompanied by loss of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. A decrease in acetylcholine in the brain of patients with AD appears to be a critical element in producing dementia. Approach- The present work is undertaken to study the combined effect of ACE inhibitor and AT1 receptor blocker on memory function of animals for their establishment in AD. During literature survey I found that ACE inhibitor and AT1 receptor blocker prevents memory impairment, oxidative stress, and also inhibits Anticholinesterase activity. Finding- In presents work we find out that the combination of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blocker improve memory more than the individual treatment. Since the causes of some of these medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's, are still unclear, these new research strategies raise expectations for a much needed breakthrough of knowledge into underlying causal mechanisms of inflammation in memory/cognitive loss. Conclusion- The findings of this study have shown firstly that for the listed drugs there is a strong association between memory improvement reports. The combination of drugs was evaluated for behavioural assessment was best enhancement property than other ones.  

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Oil seed cakes, the leftovers from oil extraction of different oilseeds, are gaining more attention for their possible therapeutic benefits. This review provides a thorough analysis of the therapeutic advantages of oil seed cakes made from various plant sources. It includes the biological components found in these cakes, such as proteins, fibers, polyphenols, and essential fatty acids, which support their therapeutic effects. It also looks at how oil seed cakes could benefit health, including their anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, promising benefits on the cardiovascular system, blood pressure-regulating effects, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory qualities, and anti-microbial capabilities. Several tables and pictures are also included for better understanding. The future of therapeutic properties of oilseed cakes lies in their potential as nutritional supplements, functional foods, and sources of phytochemicals. They may also play a role in sustainable agriculture, biodegradable plastics, and skincare products. Continued research and innovation will drive their applications in health and wellness, waste reduction, and biofuel production, shaping their role in various industries and consumer preferences.

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Aim and Objective : The gene for colour blindness (Xq28) is commonly used by different geneticist as genetic marker for the study of variation in population. The present paper based on the gene frequency of CB and its analysis for the validity of relax a selection hypothesis in the three tribal population selected from district Kishanganj, Bihar, India. Subject and Method: The cluster stratified random sampling method was used for the study of prevalence of colour blindness gene. The three tribal demes Santhal, Munda and Oraon were selected and pooled sample sized was 322. The screening was based on Ishihara plates number 26,28,30,32,34 and 36 as the subjects were mostly illiterate. The calculation of allelic frequency was fundamentally based on Hardy and Weinberg Law with proper consideration of homozygous female and hemizygous male. Finding and Disscussion: The calculated allelic frequency forcolour blind gene (q) is 0.17 for female, 0.06 for male and 0.13 for combined population in Santhal whereas in Munda population the value is 0.19 for female, 0.04 for male and 0.14 for combined population. A high percentage values are observed for female carrier both in Santhal (28.18%) and Munda (31.54%). The ?² goodness of fit test value of phenotypic and genotypic variation in tribal demes are non-significant suggested that gene is fixed in population. The colour blind is absent from Oraonpopulation. These variations are associated with evolutionary factor like inbreeding in Santhal and Munda but in Oraon the probable cause is genetic drift. Conclusion: The findings provide a question mark on the universality of“relaxed selection hypothesis” as reported by some other workers alsothe high percentage of carrier female gives more chance for the appearance of disease in male of next generation due to criss-cross inheritance pattern. Hence, marriage counseling is recommended in these populations.  

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Carbon dioxide (CO2), once considered a ubiquitous and essential environmental component, has now transcended its usual presence to unprecedented levels in modern times. Intriguingly, this surge is further exacerbated by unforeseen events like forest fires and explosions, complicating the environmental dynamics surrounding this compound. While CO2 remains indispensable for life, its dual role as both a facilitator and disruptor to living beings is contingent upon its quantity and immediate ecosystem. The disruption of the balance maintained by natural sources necessitates a closer examination of the ensuing consequences. In this review, we delve into the intricate interplay of CO2 in contemporary environments, highlighting the multifaceted impacts of its elevated levels. We explore how forest fires, explosions, and other unpredictable events contribute to the complex dynamics of CO2 in the environment, further intensifying its pervasive influence. Moreover, we underscore the imperative to minimize CO2 emissions, with a particular focus on innovative strategies and implementations. These strategies not only hold promise for achieving emission reduction goals but also play a pivotal role in addressing broader environmental challenges stemming from excessive carbon dioxide. Through collaborative efforts and the integration of innovative technologies embedded in these implementations, we envision a pathway towards a more bio-sustainable and balanced environmental future. This review serves as a comprehensive synthesis of the current understanding of CO2 dynamics, offering insights into mitigating its adverse impacts and fostering resilience in the face of evolving environmental challenges.  

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Oilseed cakes are the byproducts of oil extraction which offers rich reserves of proteins, peptides, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Their hydrolysates are gaining prominence as natural meal preservatives due to their diverse bioactive factors. These hydrolysates play a multifaceted role in meal maintenance, exhibiting antioxidant and antimicrobial developments while fostering the creation of biodegradable coatings. Their potential spans, numerous components such as inhibiting lipid oxidation in foods, fighting spoilage microorganisms and lengthening shelf existence. Oilseed cake hydrolysates are prized for his or her antioxidative prowess, curbing loose radical harm and delaying meal spoilage. With their antimicrobial motion, they act as a natural defense against pathogens, lowering the reliance on artificial preservatives. These compounds additionally locate application in meat renovation, improving texture, moisture retention, and taste at the same time as ensuring protection by using hindering microbial growth at some point of storage. In packaging, these hydrolysates bolster biodegradable coatings, shielding meals and offering brought advantages like controlled release of antimicrobials or antioxidants, elongating product freshness. Explored in dairy upkeep, they could substitute artificial components, catering to the rising call for natural, sustainable options. This evaluation underscores the flexible function of oilseed cake hydrolysates in food preservation. Their integration signals a promising shift towards more healthy, green preservation strategies, emphasizing satisfactory, safety, and sustainability at the same time as lowering reliance on synthetics in food production and packaging.  

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Background: Overwhelming information, coping with the new environment, academics, and peer pressure are considered to be the most common factors among medical students who develop symptoms of depression. There is a paucity of literature to assess and address this issue among future physicians in South India. Thus, this study aimed to screen and determine the prevalence, contributing variables, and predictive factors of depression among medical students in a medical institution. Methods: This cross-sectional study included medical students of all the semesters enrolled at Maharajah Institute of Medical Science, Andhra Pradesh, during the 2021–2022 academic year. Two standardised scales were used in the study to measure different constructs: a self-administered questionnaire containing socio-demographic, academic, and stress-related variables, and a PHQ-9 form to screen for any symptoms of depression. A chi-square test and correlation were conducted to identify the predictors of depression. Results: About 69% of students had symptoms of depression to some degree based on the PHQ-9, and 31% had no symptoms. Gender, native place, language barrier, accommodation, food, peer pressure, and choice of MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) were found to be insignificant. There was a statistically significant association between socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol, conflicts with friends, academics and their potential vulnerability to depression.Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a need to develop strategies to educate, counsel, and support medical students in obtaining stigma-free medical and therapeutic care for their general and mental well-being.  

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Avifaunal diversity in the natural habitats is a subject of significant ecological interest and conservation concern. Himachal Pradesh, situated in the Indian Himalayas, boasts diverse habitats, providing unique niches for avian species. Studying avifauna in distinct habitats elucidates their responses to environmental factors, habitat preferences, and potential conservation implications.Our study investigated avifaunal diversity and distributional patterns in two contrasting habitats within Himachal Pradesh. A total of 73 species of birds belonging to 54 genera, 19 families and 9 orders were encountered during the survey. The number of bird species in Chamba was higher than those in Kangra. The value of species diversity (Shannon-w diversity index H`= 3.8, Simpson diversity D = 0.9665, evenness j`=0.6346) was also higher in Chambathan at Kangra (H`= 3.529, D = 0.9477, j`=0.5327). According to the IUCN Red list two endangered species (Neophronpercnopterus and Aquila nipalensis), and two near-threatened species (Gypaetusbarbatus and Psittaculaeupatria) and one vulnerable species (Catreuswallichii) were recorded.Additionally, we identified habitat-specific variations in species richness, evenness, and composition, reflecting habitat specialization among avian taxa.Our findings underscore the importance of habitat heterogeneity in shaping avifaunal diversity and distributional patterns in Himachal Pradesh. The assessment of conservation status, particularly the identification of endangered and vulnerable species, underscores the importance of continued monitoring and conservation initiatives to protect these valuable components of the ecosystem.Furthermore, understanding the ecological requirements and habitat preferences of avian communities is essential for effective biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management in this ecologically sensitive region. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring to assess the resilience of avian populations to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures, thereby ensuring the conservation of Himachal Pradesh's avifaunal diversity for generations to come.

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The process of evaluating dental contact relationships is time consuming and less accurate using conventional methods. The emergence of T-Scan as a way to tackle these setbacks has revolutionised dentistry. Numerous authors have studied the various possibilities of TScan and came up with more updated versions of it.The aim of this review article is to gain a better picture of this technology that has made numerous dental diagnostic and treatment procedures easier.  

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Background: The human skin acts as a reservoir of numerous microorganisms. Handwashing with soap and water removes excess organic matter and temporarily reduces the number of resident and transient flora.Alcohol-based hand rubs have been recommended for use in health care settings for hand hygiene. Other gel-based hand sanitizers have also recently made their way into the market. The study was conducted to compare the anti-bacterial effectiveness of commercially available gel-based hand sanitizers and alcohol-based hand rubs used in dental practice after various handwashing regimens. Methodology: An in vivo crossover study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the commercially available gel-based hand sanitizers and alcohol-based hand rubs routinely used in dental practice. The study was conducted on twelve dental students.Bacterial samples were taken from each test person on the following occasions: before hand washing (baseline) and after each intervention – after washing hands with sterile distilled water, after washing hands with medicated soap, after using the test products and after using the test products without washing hands with water and soap. The samples were taken on blood agar plates by fingerprint contact sampling method. Results: There was a significant reduction seen in all the six intervention groups after washing hands with medicated soap and use of test products in comparison to baseline. After use of medicated soap, all the test products were equally effective. When the test products were used without washing hands with medicated soap and water, there was a difference in the antibacterial property of the test products. Conclusions: In a controlled hospital setting, when the hands are not visibly soiled or contaminated, there is no significant difference in the percentage reduction of CFU counts between regimen 1 (washing hands with sterile distilled water, medicated soap and application of test products) and regimen 2 (direct application of test products without washing hands with soap and water)  

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a form of bacteria that is resistant to numerous medications and can cause infections in persons with compromised immune systems owing to illnesses such as cystic fibrosis. Resistance of P. aeruginosa has posed a serious health concern globally and need to be addressed. Phytochemicals from plants have been used over decades to serve as potential inhibitors for many healths related complications. Anogeissusleiocarpusmethanol and ethanol extracts were analyzed using GC-MS to find the most abundant bioactive compounds. The antibacterial assay was conducted using agar disc diffusion methodsEthanolic extracts shows high zone of inhibition of 12.00 mm at 100mg/dl when compared with the methanolic extracts. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 bioactive compounds which were subjected to physicochemical analysis using DataWarrior tool.These Molecules were assayed in docking studies using the AutoDock 4.2 tool to calculate the binding free of each protein-ligand complex.Four compounds CID-9601770, CID-319068771, CID-596590, and CID-596591 were found to have high binding affinity with the protein. CID-319068771had the best binding of -6.13kcal/mol and was analyze to interact with RNA dependent RNA polymerase via a single hydrogen bond with Ile25, (distance = 2.83Å).This is followed by CID-9601770 with binding affinity of -4.77kcal/mol, CID-596590 with -4.66kcal/mol, and CID-596591 with -4.66kcal/mol. These bindings indicate the potential of the compounds as antibacterial agents against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa.  

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Hospital wastewaters are full of radioactive elements, hazardous chemicals, pathogenic microbes, laboratory and pharmaceutical residues, and partially metabolized pharmaceuticals. India's main cities produce an estimated 38354 MLD of sewage each day; however, there are only 11786 sewage treatment facilities in the country(Kaur et al., n.d.). According to the Central Pollution Control Board's 2015 report, India now has the ability to treat around 37% of its wastewater, or 22,963 million liters per day (MLD), versus a daily sewage generation of about 61,754 MLD. Since 1951, the average annual freshwater availability per person has decreased due to the country's growing population and overall growth, dropping from 5177m3 in 1951 to 1869m3 in 2001 and 1588m3 in 2010. It is anticipated that it will continue to decline, reaching 1341m3 in 2025 and 1140 m3 in 2050. In rich nations, a hospital produces 400–1200 liters of wastewater per bed per day; however, in developing nations, the figure is 200–400 liters per capita per day, as opposed to 100–400 liters per population per day of household wastewater generation. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, genes for antibiotic resistance, persistent viruses, and other microbes are also present in HWW. In comparison to domestic wastewater, HWW often contains higher concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen, and chemicals with high biological and chemical oxygen demands. Even after treatment, viruses, ARB, and ARG persist, posing a serious hazard to the ecosystem (Kumari et al., 2020). Numerous biological procedures, including membrane bioreactors, the activated sludge process, engineered wetlands, etc., were discovered to remove more than 80% of the contaminants. This article describes the different cutting-edge technologies that have been applied to the treatment of infections and pharmaceutically active substances. Finding a cutting-edge, ecologically safe method to remove the most pathogens from wastewater will take an hour. This study's objective is to determine the effluent quality and hospital wastewater treatment conditions in India. A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant publications, Google scholar, Pub Med and Scopus were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English language. The data were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and by using the relevant keywords in the articles, with emphasis on the efficacy of hospital wastewater treatment. Qualitative data were collected using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-analyzes (PRISMA) standard checklist. The Objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of current wastewater treatment systems in removing microbes and their contaminants.  

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Problem: The aim of the study was to find out chemical profiling of bee venom and beeswax of Apis mellifera through GCMS analysis. Approach: The sample of the bee venom and beeswax were purchased from private apiary located in Dera Bassi, Punjab, India. The chemical profile of thebee venom water extract and beeswax acetonitrile extract were analysed with the help of gas chromatography- massspectrometry. Findings: Result showed presence of hydrocarbons, terpene, ketones, carboxylic acid, alcohols, esters, phenols, steroids, retinoid, opioid and amines in bee venom and a variety of hydrocarbons in beeswax as observed in the GC-MS analysis. Conclusion: Products of bees showcase an amazing variety of compounds. Their distinct qualities and possible advantages for people are a result of their compositions. Even though a lot of bee products have showed potential in a variety of settings, more research is often needed to properly comprehend their usefulness and safety.  

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Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature and their presence on cutleries used in restaurants cannot be underrated. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological and antibiogram of persistent bacterial strains found on cutleries used in restaurants in Abakaliki metropolis. A total of two hundred and eighty eight (288) swab samples were collected from cutleries used in different local and modern restaurants in Abakaliki. Bacteria identification was done using standard microbiological methods for isolation and characterization. Antibiogram was determined using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) were also determined. The results showed that four (4) bacteria genera were identified which includes Staphylococcus aureus 29 (20.1%), Escherichia coli 16 (11.1%), Salmonella species 15 (10.4%) and Klebsiella species 10 (6.9 %). Thus, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species showing the highest and lowest percentage frequency respectively in both modern and local restaurants visited. The isolates showed varying resistance to the tested antibiotics. These findings suggest eminent threat of food- borne diseases as well as other disease conditions. It also highlights the need for proper sterilization of cutleries, improved personal and environmental sanitary hygiene among restaurant owners and workers.

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Oilseed cakes are plentiful agricultural by-products resulting from the production of vegetable oils. These cakes contain valuable bioactive compounds like phenolic antioxidants, proteins, peptides, plant sterols, and tocopherols. Extracting these bioactive components from oilseed cakes presents opportunities to create high-value products with applications across the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. This review comprehensively examines various extraction techniques used to recover bioactive compounds from oilseed cakes. Traditional methods such as solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and maceration are discussed alongside emerging technologies like supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Critical evaluation is provided on factors influencing extraction efficiency, including solvent type, temperature, pressure, particle size, and pretreatment methods. Analytical techniques for characterizing and quantifying bioactive compounds, as well as purification strategies, are also highlighted. Furthermore, the review explores potential applications and economic feasibility of valorizing oilseed cakes through bioactive compound extraction. The importance of valorizing these abundant by-products for a sustainable and circular bioeconomy is emphasized.  

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This study report offers a thorough analysis of pulmonary side effects and developments in cystic fibrosis (CF) care. We investigate the epidemiology of CF pulmonary illness, the effectiveness of CFTR modulator medications, difficulties in providing CF care, and potential future avenues for clinical research and practice through a comprehensive assessment of the body of current literature. Our results demonstrate the significant burden of bronchiectasis, recur- rent respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive lung disease in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), emphasizing the progressive character of the illness and its consequences for patient outcomes. New developments in CFTR modulator medicines provide targeted interventions to repair underlying CFTR deficiencies and enhance clinical outcomes. Examples of these medications are ivacaftor and lumacaftor-ivacaftor combo therapy. However, problems like unequal treatment access, inconsistent treatment outcomes, and the requirement for ongoing safety monitoring still exist. To solve these problems and improve the delivery of CF care, researchers, clinicians, legislators, and patient advocacy organizations must work together. Prospectively, targeted therapy strategies directed by genetic evaluations and biomarker identification show potential to improve treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes. Additionally, there are chances to address unmet clinical requirements and expand the area of CF therapies through continuing research into innovative treatment modalities such gene editing technologies and alternative CFTR modulators. Through the prioritization of patient-centered treatment and the promotion of multidisciplinary team- work, it is possible to enhance the quality of life and overall results for persons with cystic fibrosis.

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Microbial Pectinases are an industrially important enzyme that has many applications and is used in the food industry, textile industry, and water treatment plant. In the present study, Bacteria were isolated from fruit dump yard soil and vermicompost and screened for Pectinase production. The best isolate was selected for optimization of various parameters like incubation time, pH, and temperature for pectinase production by growing the bacterium in a pectin-containing minimal medium and the total protein was estimated by the Lowry et al method. Natural substrates like orange peel, Cassava extract, Banana peel, and Rice bran powder were used for pectinase production by the bacterium. The optimum incubation time, pH, temperature, and substrate were determined as 24 hours, 6, 35°C, and orange peel powder. The pectinase enzyme activity of the bacterium with optimized cultural parameters was found to be 1.568U/ml. The pectinase enzyme was partially purified by Ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis and separated by SDS-PAGE. The Molecular weight of the partially purified pectinase enzyme was determined as 55KD. The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis based on 16s rRNA Gene sequencing.  

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Many people across the world are affected by gluten-related disorders. However, the exact mechanism of how it is causing the various disorders has yet to be extensively studied. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the effect of primary bile salt on gluten formation and formed gluten in vitro conditions. Gluten was extracted by hand wash method after mixing with the various concentrations of sodium deoxycholate hydrate, and sodium taurocholate hydrate separately with flour. The result showed that adding STH reduced gluten formation from (44.94%) to no gluten formation. With the augmentation of the concentration of SGH, gluten formation decreased from (45.88%) to no gluten formation.  Additionally, both primary bile salts disrupt the formed gluten. So, It is concluded that gluten interacts with the bile salt in its formation and on formed gluten.  

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Introduction : Dengue, a viral infection with diverse presentations, necessitates the ability to predict disease severity upon admission to appropriately monitor patients requiring close observation. Severe dengue is characterized by increased urinary protein clearance due to heightened systemic vascular permeability. Utilizing a simple urine protein excretion screening test could aid in triaging and monitoring patients suspected of dengue infection. Objective: To assess the Urine Spot Protein Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) as a tool for predicting disease severity and adverse outcomes in children with dengue. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Vinayaka Missions Medical College , Karaikal . Children aged 1 month to 12 years presenting with fever and thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 150,000 /µL) with or without dengue NS1/ Immunoglobulin M Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) positivity were included. Study parameters encompassed demographic factors, severity of dengue classification according to National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) guidelines, and urine spot PCR. UPCR was compared between dengue-positive and -negative cases, as well as within different categories of dengue severity. Chi-square tests were employed for comparing results.  

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Color plays an essential role in the appeal and overall quality of food items. Throughout the processing of food, a significant amount of color is lost, prompting the addition of synthetic or natural colors to make the food visually enticing to consumers. Bio colorings, derived from renewable sources and often originating from plants, offer a sustainable alternative. Plant-based colors, recognized as a natural and ideal source of color, have the potential to replace many synthetic counterparts. Beyond their application in food coloring, bio colorings also serve as antimicrobials and antioxidants, contributing to the prevention of various conditions and diseases in humans. The attention garnered by bio colorings is due to their eco-friendly nature, safety, and versatile applications in various industries, particularly in the vibrant field of coloring. This paper explores diverse sources of colorings, their applications in fabrics and food, and the inherent advantages they offer in promoting sustainability. The development of cost-effective and practical technologies for the extraction and utilization of natural food colorants is a significant challenge and a pressing need in the current landscape. The paper addresses the challenges and future prospects of colorings, emphasizing their role in mitigating the environmental impact associated with synthetic colorings.

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Background and Objective: Combination of antidiabetic therapies were seen to be common in day-to-day life. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness, safety and factors affecting clinical outcomes of dual antidiabetic therapy (Metformin + Vildagliptin & Metformin + Sitagliptin). Methods:This was a prospective longitudinal study carried out among Type 2 Diabetes patients in NIMS Hospital, Trivandrum for a period of 6 months which included data collection and follow up. The 112 subjects were classified based on inclusion and exclusion criteria out of which 7 subjects were lost to follow up hence a total of 105 patients were included in the study.  Results:Combination of drugs (Metformin + Vildagliptin and Metformin + Sitagliptin) was found to be more prescribed in the age group of 52 to 59 years (41.5 %) and 60 to 69 (32.7%). The gender wise distribution was higher in females on both groups (62.9%). After 2 month treatment among the study variables HbA1C, PPBS, Total cholesterol, LDL, showed a statistical significant difference (p < 0.05). Metformin plus Vildagliptin (Group A) showed a significant reduction of HbA1C (p= 0.01), from baseline to follow up, whereas Metformin plus Vildagliptin (Group B) also showed a reduction in HbA1C (p= 0.08). Group A showed a significant reduction of PPBS (p= 0.31),LDL (p= 0.21) and T. Cholesterol (p= 0.57), from baseline to follow up, whereas Group B also showed a reduction ofPPBS (p= 0.01)LDL (p= 0.01)andT. Cholesterol (p= 0.01). No statistical significant difference was observed between both groups for Fasting Blood Sugar, Body weight, BMI, Blood Pressure, Very Low Density Lipoproteins, High Density Lipoproteins, Triglycerides, eGFR, Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio, Sr. Creatinine, Uric acid, Urine albumin and Urine creatinine. Tiredness was the most commonly reported adverse events in both groups. Adverse events include hypoglycemia, headache and UTI. Weight and comorbidities became a factor that can influence the efficacy of treatment in both groups (p=0.03 and p=0.04). Interpretation and Conclusion: Safety and effectiveness of Metformin with Vildagliptin and Metformin with Sitagliptin has identical characteristics. It can be concluded that both the combination of drugs were having same efficacy and safety in Type II Diabetic patients.  

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Ayurveda is the ancient science of life which deals with eight different branches (Astanga Ayurveda) related to different therapeutic aspects. Shalyatantra is one of branch which deals with surgical and parasurgical concept. Sushruta Samhita gives importance to surgery, it contains 184 chapters and has described about 1120 diseases, 700 medicinal plants 64 preparations from mineral sources, 57 preparations from animal sources, and detailed anatomical description. Acharya Sushruta has given detailed description about Sandhan Karma (plastic surgery),Vranachikista( treatment of ulcers), YantraShastra (various instruments used for surgery), para-surgical procedures and also in other aspects of medicine such as ophthalmology, toxicology, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology etc. All these concepts are significant in present day modern surgery also. So an authentic attempt is made to explore the surgical procedures mentioned in Sushruta Samhita by Acharya Sushruta and its relevance in modern surgery.

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The aerosol particles are very tiny particles which are not visible to necked eyes. These particles have different sources of emission i.e. anthropogenic and naturals, but by comparing the post and pre industrialization period, it is concluded that the post industrialization activities are more responsible for the aerosol pollution. These aerosols are stratified in different layers of atmosphere and this stratification is depends on the aerosol size and chemical composition, these characters are also responsible for its stay time in atmospheres on the basis of given characteristic aerosols has certain adverse effect on environment, climate and human health. The aerosol pollution can causes imbalance in hydrological cycle by interacting with clouds, it also disturb biogeochemical cycles which leads to adverse impact on climate and environment. The aerosols pollution are also reported for many dieses related to respiratory system, lungs, heart and brain trouble in human beings, mostly in developing countries which have low level of technology for fuel emission and basically depend on the raw fuel for their daily purpose. Satellite based study of aerosol played a crucial role to understand the nature, distribution and its effect on climate, environment and human health.  

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Back ground: Children are inquiring and interested about the world around them, exploring it with all of their senses, including their sense of taste [1]. As a consequence, when hazardous chemicals are mistakenly swallowed, the house and its surrounds may be a deadly environment every year, millions of calls are made to poison control centres and thousands of children are admitted to emergency rooms as a result of this. Hence the present study was designed to assess the epidemiology and clinical outcome in children with accidental poisoning. Aim and objectives: To study the epidemiology, clinical outcome in relation to age in children with accidental poisoning. Materials and methods: A Prospective cohort study was undertaken in a tertiary care Hospital, Karaikal on 50 children less than 12 years of age admitted in our ICU and paediatric ward with history of poisoning or intoxication during the study period of July 2020 to November 2021. All children under the age of 12 who present with a history of poison intake or intoxication, regardless of signs and symptoms, and whether or not the poison or container is present, Children who have a shaky history of poisoning but who are exhibiting clear signs and symptoms of poisoning are considered to be poisoned are included in the study. Results: In this research, the youngest age group (1-3 years) had the greatest number of cases (50.0 %), followed by the oldest age group (6.1 – 12 years) (24.5 %). In our investigation, two patients were hospitalized who were less than one year of age. However, the newest case is 2 months old. In the age period of 3-6 years, female dominance outnumbers high prevalence. In this study, the mean time from poisoning and presentation was 4.31 hours. When comparing urban and rural populations, the duration was shorter in urban areas. If the youngster appeared with a distorted sense of smell, the result will be considered suspect. The p -value of chi-square is 0.602 -<0.01 which indicates that the result is statistically significant. Children in intensive care units (ICUs) die at a higher rate than other children. According to the chi square test, this is also statistically significant (p-0.001).Conclusion:Poisoning in children is one of the medical crises that affects children, and it has a high death and morbidity rate.  

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Background: Sphaeranthus indicus, recurrently known as East Indian globe thistle, has been utilized in indigenous medicine for its purported ameliorative properties, including its potential in managing hypertension. However, comprehensive pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations of its flowers, alongside in-vitro antihypertensive assessments, are lacking.Objective: This study focused on conducting phytochemical and pharmacognosticalevaluation of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers and evaluate their potential antihypertensive activity through in-vitro studies.Materials and Methods: Flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluations, as well as phytochemical screening to identify various secondary metabolites. The in-vitro antihypertensive activity was assessed using Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition Assay. Results: Pharmacognostic analysis revealed the distinctive anatomical features of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers, while phytochemical screening detected the existence of bioactive compounds such as glycosides, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids. In-vitro studies demonstrated significant anti-hypertensive activity, suggesting the potential therapeutic utility of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers in managing hypertension.Conclusion: The pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis confirmed the identity and bioactive constituents of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers. Moreover, the observed in-vitro antihypertensive activity indicates their promise as a natural remedy for hypertension. Further research, including clinical trials, is justified to vindicate these findings and explore the full therapeutic potential of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers in the management of hypertension.  

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The interface between the restoration and dental hard tissue is an area of clinical concern as insufficient sealing can result in marginal discoloration, secondary caries, and pulpitis. Microleakage is defined as the clinically undetectable passage of bacteria, fluids, molecules or ions between tooth and the restorative or filling material. This leakage may not be clinically detectable but plays a vital role in the long-term success of the restoration. Hence adequate sealing is essential for the optimal clinical performance of any restoration. In this invitro study we tried to compare the microleakage levels in three different restorative materials namely, Nano composite, Glass Ionomer Cement and a novel restorative material Zirconomer. The study was conducted using a dye penetration method, which is one of the oldest and economical method of detecting microleakage. The restorative materials were used to restore class II box only cavities and the microleakage occurring at the gingival margins were examined. In this study Composite restorations presented the least amount of microleakage compared to the Glass Ionomer group and Zirconomer group, which was found to be statistically significant. The Zirconomer group showed the maximum amount of microleakage and the leakage results when compared to the Glass Ionomer group was statistically insignificant. From this study it was inferred that Composite restorations have better ability in sealing the tooth restoration interface and that Zirconomer, even though considered to be a stronger material, fails to seal the tooth restoration interface properly, which will affect its prognosis as a good restorative material.

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Spiders have significant role in ecosystem as biological pest control agent.The usage of chemical and biopesticides in agriculture effects the non-targeted organisms also.This study is to disclose the effects of synthetic and organic pesticides on spiders.Two spider species Crossopriza iyoni and Cyclosa hexatuberculatawere used for the experiment.Spiders were collected from agricultural field using hand picking method, sweep netting method and inverted umbrella method. Collected spiders were feeded and cared.Two spiders were exposed to three different concentrations (20, 30, 40 ppm) of Thiamethoxam (chemical pesticide) and Nimbecidine (biopesticide) along with control for 5 hours.Number of dead spiders counted at the end of experiment and % mortality calculated. LC 50 calculated using Microsoft Excel 2019. Both the pesticides adversely affect the population of spiders. Lethality of Nimbecidinewas less than Thiamethoxam.C. iyoni was more sensitive to both the pesticides.C. hexatuberculata was slightly tolerant to the pesticides. This study reveals that time is up to switch toimplement strategies for targeted pest control for conserving biodiversity.  

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Assessing the agronomic performance of different bottle gourd accessions (Lagenariasiceraria) is crucial for educating farmers and the public about the agricultural practices involved in bottle gourd production, as well as for identifying the most suitable accession for the specific agro-ecological zone. Problem: Prior research has mostly examined the nutritional makeup of bottle gourd, but there has been a lack of investigation on its agronomic characteristics. To assess the genetic variation among different bottle gourd accessions and then develop a correlation between their agronomic characteristics. This will aid in the selection of high-yielding accessions for the improvement of bottle gourd, which is now at risk of extinction in this specific agro-climatic zone. Approach: The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications and 7 bottle gourd accessions as treatments. Random selection was employed to choose the most superior plants from each plot, which were then labeled and utilized as sample plants for data collection. Data pertaining to vegetative development, floral characteristics, and yield parameters were gathered and subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance for Randomized Complete Block Design. Thetreatment means were segregated using the least significant difference at a significance threshold of 5%. Findings: Onitsha (round), IfiteOgwari (long), IfiteOgwari (prolific round) and IfiteOgwari (prolific long) accessions showed outstanding performance in terms of fruit length, weight, and yield from this Agro-ecological zone understudy. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a distinct variety among the 7 bottle gourd accessions and established a correlation between agronomic variables that can be utilized in breeding programs. Further research is advised to establish the genetic foundation of bottle gourd for the aim of breeding.  

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Purpose:  The purpose of this study entitled “A study on customer perceived hierarchy of factors affecting the selection of Airbnb by Analytical Hierarchy Process”is to understand the perception of the customers in selecting and booking Airbnb worldwide based on six factors and knowing the hierarchy of importance of these factors by using AHP method. These factors are Price;Location; Amenities, hygiene&services;Safety& security; Reviews &pic and Host interaction. Approach: The customers of Airbnb residing in Visakhapatnam City were considered for the study to understand their perception on the factors considered in the selection and booking of Airbnb worldwide. The respondents were selected at the convenience of the author hence convenient sampling method is used to select the respondents.  Total of 219 respondents were considered for the study. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze the collected data. The respondents were asked to compare each factor with other 5 factors pairwise. The critical weights calculated helped to decide which factor is given most importance and hence the hierarchy of importance of factors considered for the selection and booking of Airbnb is generated. Findings:The computed values of critical weights of each factors implies that the factor “Price” is perceived most important  in the Airbnb selection, followed by ”location”, “Amenities, hygiene & services”, “Safety & Security”, “Reviews &pic” and then “Host interaction”. Conclusion: The demands of the travellers have gone high expecting for all benefits served on a platter. The customers consider various factors before they select and book Airbnb worldwide. Most of the customers are opting for Airbnb as they get all the amenities in such accommodation with comparatively less price.  Price and location are top two factors perceived by customers in selecting and booking Airbnb.  

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Islamic sacred groves represent critical ecological niches, fostering diverse habitats for plants and animals. Despite their ecological significance, safeguarding these areas presents formidable challenges stemming from multifaceted factors. Consequently, our study examines plant diversity, biomass and carbon stock estimation in eight Islamic cultural centers in northern Ethiopia. The data were collected from sixty-three plots: 20×20 m for trees, 5×5 m for shrubs, and five 1×1 m subplots within each main plot.We identified 204 plant species belonging to 144 genera and 66 families. The Asteraceae family emerged as dominant, comprising 17 species accounting for 15.3% of the total species identified. Herbs were the predominant growth form, constituting 102 species (50.2%), followed by shrubs (48 species, 23.7%), trees (43 species, 21.2%), and climbers (10 species, 4.9%). Thirteen endemic plant species were identified, while six indigenous tree species predominantly populated the sites. The altitude and slope significantly influenced the plant species distribution patterns. The total biomass of the stud sites ranged from 12.2 to 283 tons per hectare, contributing 6.1 to 141.5 tons of carbon per hectare. The exhibited CO2 sequestration potential ranged from 17.7 to 408.8 tons per hectare. The study sitesserve as repositories of plant genetics, essential for conserving biodiversity and providing germplasm for restoration initiatives. Moreover, they play a crucial role in mitigating climate change impacts in northern Ethiopia.  

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This study aimed to develop a homemade candy incorporating banana, dates, and skim milk powder as the primary components. Bananas and dates contribute valuable nutritional elements, including antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, while skim milk powder fortifies the product with protein and enhances its texture. Seven different formulations were prepared, varying the ratios of banana and date pulps, ranging from 100:0 (control) to 70:30. Extensive analyses were conducted, encompassing sensory evaluation, Nutritional and qualitative analysis (proximate composition, physicochemical properties, phytochemicalcontentand antioxidant activity) and shelf-life and storage study which is upto 8 weeks. The results revealed that Treatment T7, comprising 70% banana pulp and 30% date pulp, exhibited superior sensory attributes, including taste, flavour, colour, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability. Furthermore, this formulation demonstrated increased levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity compared to the control. Nutritional analysis of this best-performing formulation shown a moisture content of 10.42%, ash content of 2.84%, fat content of 6.33%, crude fibre content of 1.62%, protein content of 4.62%, carbohydrate content of 74.17% and an energy value of 372.17 kcal. Physio-chemical analysis showed balanced pH levels, a total soluble solids (TSS) content of 83.85°Brix and desirable colour attributes (L* value of 30.01, a* value of 7.01 and b* value of 11.11). Furthermore, the research evaluates the shelf life of the candies, monitoring microbial growth, yeast and mould counts, and sensory changes over an 8-weeks period at ambient conditions. The results indicated a shelf-life of approximately 6-7 weeks before significant sensory deterioration occurs. This research not only offers a healthier confectionery option but also contributes to sustainable and health-conscious practices in the food industry. The successful development of this banana-date-skim milk powder candy demonstrates the potential for creating nutritious, appealing and shelf-stable confectionery products using natural ingredients.  

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Ethnopharmacological relevance:Cosmos sulphureus (Sulfur cosmos) has been utilized in traditional medicine and agriculture, highlighting its potential ecological, agricultural, and pharmacological importance.Aim of the study:This review aimed to comprehensively examine the life cycle, ecological interactions, ethnobotanical uses, and pharmacological properties of C. sulphureus to understand its multifaceted significance and potential applications.Materials and methods:A thorough review of existing literature on C. sulphureus was conducted, focusing on its ecological role, traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities.Results:C. sulphureus plays a crucial role in pollination ecology, adapts to diverse habitats, and has significant floricultural and ethnobotanical value. It possesses hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, nematocidal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, primarily due to its flavonoid and phenolic acid content.Conclusions:C. sulphureus is a versatile species with ecological, agricultural, and pharmacological relevance. Further research on its molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and habitat conservation is warranted to fully exploit its benefits for human health, agricultural sustainability, and biodiversity conservation.  

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Congenital vallecularcystsarevery rarely occurring cysts in newborns .It usuallypresents with feeding difficultiesin the newborns and an associated failure to thrive is common.Early suspicion and prompt direct laryngoscopy usually clinch the diagnosis of this rare type of cyst. The standardrecommendedtreatmentis surgical excision or marsupialization. We present a case report of a twenty-day old newbornwhopresentedat the casualty with life threatening respiratory distress and bleeding from mouth. The newborn was resuscitated and stabilized.Furtherinvestigationsfor coagulation and bleeding disorders, surfactant deficiency, sepsiswere normal. The newborn then had stridor after 12hrs during the course of treatment and again developed severe respiratory distress with desaturation, seizures and central cyanosis.The bleeding from oropharynx persisted and initial during difficult reintubationthe bleeding vallecular cyst in oro pharynx was noticed.Thiscystwas excised by the paediatricsurgeon.Thepost operative period was uneventful and the newborn survived.  

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Stevia rebaudiana, renowned for its sweet leaves containing steviol glycosides, offers a organic sugar alternative with potency up to 300 times that of cane sugar. Flourishing in subtropical climates, it enjoys widespread cultivation for its non-caloric sweetness, particularly beneficial for individuals with hyperglycemia. Originating from Paraguay, its global cultivation stems from its economic significance and medicinal attributes, stevia leaves also contain various phytoconstituents, providing diverse health benefits including antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Its dual role as aorganic sweetener and medicinal herb underscores its importance in both the food industry and healthcare sector. Stevia leaves encompass a range of compounds including steviol glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, triterpenes, sterols, and antioxidants. Steviol glycosides, particularly stevioside and rebaudioside A, exhibit promising pharmacological properties. In diabetes management, they enhance insulin secretion, improve glucose metabolism, and mitigate insulin resistance without affecting normal glucose levels. Their antioxidant prowess shields against oxidative stress-induced tissue damage, while their blood pressure-lowering effects include vasodilation and diuresis, suggesting potential benefits for hypertension treatment. Evidence hints at stevioside's selective antihypertensive effects, sparing individuals with normal blood pressure. With minimal adverse effects, steviol glycosides emerge as valuable candidates for further exploration in diabetes, antioxidant therapy, and hypertension management. Steviol glycosides, particularly stevioside and rebaudioside A, display diverse therapeutic properties with potential applications across various health conditions. They exhibit antidiarrheal activity by inhibiting CFTR and regulating intestinal smooth muscle contraction. Their anti-inflammatory effects involve modulating NF-κBsignaling and reducing liver inflammation. Moreover, they hold promise in cancer therapy by inhibiting carcinogenesis and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, steviol glycosides offer benefits against obesity, display antiviral activity against HSV-1 and rotavirus, and modulate lipid levels and gut microbiota. These properties position steviol glycosides as valuable candidates for medicinal and dietary supplementation with minimal adverse effects.  

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Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam, the sweet potato, has enormous potential for ensuring food and nutrition security. Nevertheless, local cuisines hardly ever employ it because sweet potatoes lack qualities that lend themselves to being prepared as a local dish, breeders have clarified this poor utilization. Sweet potato is widely considered to beone of the world’s most important staples that have been earmarked by the global initiatives to fight micronutrient deficiency, particularly vitamin A deficiency.Sweetpotatoseedswere sourced from International Potato Center, Kumasi, Ghana, Mozambique, localgermplasm of the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, in Nigeria as well as vines from farmers’ fields at different locations in Jos, Plateau State and Bauchi State, Nigeria. The beta-carotene, dry matter, and sugar contents of the germplasm, together with other agronomic and qualitative features, were assessed during the cropping seasons in two different locations. The present study sought to contribute to the pre-breeding knowledge base required for the improvement of sweetpotato nutritional quality targeting β-carotene, dry matter, starch, sucrose and minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium as a sustainable strategy to reduce the problems associated with the micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition among people in developing countries.The range of values observed for the dry matter, total sugar content, and beta-carotene were 26–40%, 15.35–42.29 (mg/100g) DW, and 20.00–34.40%, respectively. JAB BAWO and FARAA PC yielded the lowest and highest values for beta-carotene content, respectively. MUSG 0621 x 07 x 105141-8 recorded the highest dry matter content, while the lowest was obtained by FARAA PC.  

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The high demand for plant-based products due to their potential health and environmental benefits has boosted the popularity of meat substitutes known as meat analogs. This review will discuss the rise and acceptance of these plant-based meat alternatives that have been of interest for several decades and have become prominent recently. The market for these alternatives is growing substantially. This paper aims to look at current research on meat analogs, pinpoint future research areas, discuss the reasons behind the move towards meat alternative consumption because of health and environmental issues, identify possible sources and necessary technologies for developing meat analogs, describe physical characteristics of meat substitutes, discuss ingredient functionality in creating plant-based meats, look into what happens to these products within our digestive system and summarize consumer’s reactions along with challenges, the meat industry faces. The discussion will take into account factors such as market growth drivers, formulation approaches, advantages and disadvantages of traditional versus modern processing methods, safety and nutritional elements along with consumer’s viewpoints. The paper outlines industry achievements, problems faced, and potential future directions to cater to the increasing demands of health-focused consumers while addressing environmental worries. There is ample indication that conventional methods used in making animal produce raise key health fears along with noticeable negative impacts on the environment forming a strong motivation to move towards creating a variety of alternative meats through using methods that enhance proper elements necessary in this process.  

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The impact of fermentation on the nutritional and vitamin content of fermented mung bean 'iru' as a protein condiment is being investigated. The mung bean was processed into mung bean ‘iru’ using the local method of producing ‘iru’ from African locust beans. The mung bean underwent sorting, washing, and boiling for 1 hour. Following the hour-long boiling process, the seeds were dehulled to eliminate the seed coat, and subsequently, they were cleaned. After draining the water and spreading the seed on a sack bag to cool, the mixture was wrapped in enough Musa saplentum banana leaves and placed inside a cleaned plastic container to ferment for five days at room temperature in a warmed environment. For chemical analysis and albino rat feeding, mung bean "iru" was dried in an electric oven set to 50°C for eighteen hours. The mineral and vitamin analysis of fermented mung bean iru was carried out using standard analytical methods. Standard procedures were used for the feeding of experimental animals. The results showed that mineral and vitamin parameters were as follows: Na 48.10, K 18.36, Mg 15.60, Ca 23.00, and Fe 24.20 mg/g, while vitamin A 481.97 and B 0.38 units/g. The albino rats fed fermented mung bean iru were in line with commercial feed in growth response. The histoarchitecture of the liver had no negative effect in rats fed fermented mung bean iru. The fermented mung bean iru shows that it has haematinics properties.  

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Background: The use of visual media in the present generation is growing at an alarming rate. The popularity of multimedia and screen time is widespread. The nature and quality of the content in screen time is influencing the different behavioral aspects of children. Children have lack of differentiating fantasy and reality, which makes them more vulnerable to risk of multimedia. This research focuses into children’s screen time and its various effects especially on behavior in children.The first objective were  to find out  the  screen exposure time  of children to visual media of age 8-15 years and the second objective was to assess the association between screen time and behavior in children of age group 8-15years(using pediatric symptom checklist-17).Methodology: The study was conducted as a cross sectional observational study with a sample size of 400 students of age group 8-15 years. Students were randomly selected from 2 private schools and 2 public schools of Vadavukode block of Ernakulamdistrict,in Kerala state in India. The children were interviewed and data sheet was filled. The Behavior assessment checklist about each student was filled by their class teacher. Data was then analysed and significance levels were calculated. Performed Spearmans correlation coeffient  for finding relation. Also used Kruskalwallis Test for analyzing some data.Results: Children of age group 8 -15years when studied it was observed that mean screen time is 147.8 minutes and maximum for television screen time with 67.5minutes followed by  laptop screen time 25.5 minutes and mobile phone screen time 24 minutes. Screen time is then compared to children’s behavior and it was found that there is significant relationship (rs = 0.14 ,P = 0.005 ) between these parameters. Screen time and internalizing behavior had  a weak positive relationship (rs =0.193, P<0.001). Conclusions: Multifactorial effects of screen time were observed during this study, conducted among children of age group 8-15 years. It was found that Mean screen time in the age group was far more than AAP recommendation. Television screen time scored the maximum with an average of 67.5 minutes followed by mobile phones and laptops. A significant relationship was also observed between screen time and child behavior.  

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Insects engage in cannibalism, a behaviour in which they devour members of their own species. This paper brings together current knowledge on the mechanisms, functions, and implications of insect cannibalism to improve scholarly understanding of this ubiquitous phenomena. We give the ecological and evolutionary situations in which cannibalism occurs, emphasising its adaptive value and the processes that drive such behaviours. Molecular components, including physiological and behavioural features, are studied, with a particular emphasis on the signals, pheromones, and environmental factors that cause cannibalism. The study also looks at the genetic and neurological underpinnings of cannibalistic behaviour in insect populations. Beyond predation for sustenance, cannibalism's responsibilities in population management, resource rivalry, kin selection, and as an adaptive reaction to environmental challenges are discussed. Furthermore, the study also investigates the relationships between cannibalism and other ecological phenomena like as parasitism and mutualism. The ramifications of insect cannibalism are examined in terms of pest control, population dynamics, and biodiversity conservation. This literature synthesis provides a thorough examination of the ecological and evolutionary relevance of insect cannibalism, providing insights useful in insect ecology, pest control, and conservation initiatives.  

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Millet, a group of highly nutritious and drought-resistant grains, has gained significant attention in the food industry for its potential to enhance health and sustainability. Millet milk and flour, derived from various millet species, offer a multitude of nutritional and functional benefits, making them attractive ingredients for diverse food applications. This abstract explores the innovative uses of millet milk and flour in the food industry, highlighting their nutritional advantages, functional properties, and potential for product development. Millet milk, a plant-based alternative to dairy, is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, and iron. Its hypoallergenic nature and gluten-free composition make it suitable for individuals with lactose intolerance and celiac disease. The production process of millet milk involves the milling of millet grains followed by enzymatic or mechanical extraction of the milk, ensuring the preservation of its nutritional profile. Millet flour, on the other hand, is produced by finely grinding millet grains, resulting in a gluten-free flour with excellent binding properties. Rich in dietary fiber, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids, millet flour contributes to improved digestive health and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Its unique functional properties, such as water absorption and gel formation, enhance the texture and stability of baked goods, snacks, and pasta. Millet flour can be blended with other flours to create nutrient-dense, gluten-free products that cater to health-conscious consumers. The incorporation of millet milk and flour into food products not only addresses the growing demand for functional and health-promoting ingredients but also supports sustainable agricultural practices.  

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Mental health issues have become a significant concern with the increasing competitiveness and pressure in today's society. To monitor mental health, smart wearable devices have emerged as valuable tools.However, there is insufficient comprehensive research on the classification of different mental health disorders. For addressing this gap, a Wearable IoT-based approach for Early and real-time Detection of Mental Disorders using FastExpGRU from EEG Signals (WIEDMD-FES) is proposed in this work.From publicly available sources, the approach gathers the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and pre-processes them. For analyzing the signals, it applies Blind Source Separation (BSS), bi-spectrum analysis, and 2D-Graph Fourier Transform (2D-GFT). Through Wigner-Ville Intrinsic Time-Scale Decomposition (WiVi-ITSD), the source signal acquired from BSS undergoes signal decomposition. Scalp map generation, band separation, Isoelectric Level Detection (ILD), and Weighted Directed Functional Brain Network (WDFBN) construction are done for the decomposed signal. Next, from the 2D-GFT signal, scalp map, ILD, and WDFBN, the features are extracted. Optimal features are selected by the Adaptively Mutated Bald Eagle Optimization(ADM-BEO) algorithm, and different types of mental disorders are classified by the Fast Exponential Linear Unit-Gated Recurrent Unit(FastExpGRU) model. The proposed approach’s efficiency is demonstrated by the experimental evaluation.  

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In recent years, there has been a growing consumer focus on health and wellness, leading to an increased demand for low-alcohol beverages that provide the sensory experience of traditional alcoholic drinks. Distilled spirits, typically produced through distillation and containing high alcohol by volume (ABV), can be adapted to meet this demand. Several methods exist to control or reduce the alcohol content in these beverages while preserving their organoleptic properties. Alcohol formation can be limited by interrupting fermentation, employing cold fermentation conditions, using low-fermenting yeast strains, and adjusting the composition of raw materials. Additionally, post-fermentation techniques to remove alcohol before distillation include vacuum, centrifugal, reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, pervaporation, osmotic distillation, nanofiltration, and dialysis. This review examines these techniques and their effectiveness in reducing the alcohol content of distilled spirits while maintaining desirable sensory characteristics.  

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Alzheimer’s disease, the most common clinical condition with dementia is on the increase worldwide. Long term consumption ofcashewnut diet has been reported to improve memory in normal animal models and this was attributed to the memory enhancing effects of tryptophan, vitamins B6 and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) present in cashew nut. However, whether consumption of cashew nut diet will also improve memory and motor co-ordination in mice with impaired memory and motor deficits has not been previously ascertained.Therefore, this research was to study the effects of consumption of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) diets onscopolamine-impaired memory and motor co-ordination in CD1 mice. Twenty-eight (28) experimental mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups namely; control, cashew nut diet only, cashew nut diet + scopolamineand scopolamine only groups. Feeding was done for 21 days before learning/memory and motor coordination were studied. The Morris water maze was used to estimate learning/memory and beam walking test was used for study of motor co-ordination. Results fromthe Morris Water maze shows that, learning and memorywere significantly impaired in the group administered scopolamine onlycompared to all other experimental groups (p<0.05). The result of the beam walking shows improved motor coordination in the groups fed cashew nut diet compared to scopolamine only group (p<0.05). In conclusion, consumption of cashew nut diets improved learning and memory as well as motor coordination in mice. The memory and motor coordination enhancement effects observed may be attributed to tryptophan, DHA and vitamin B6 present in cashew nut diet.  

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Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is widely grown in many regions of the world. The jackfruit is distinguished by its three parts (bulb, seeds, and ripe fruit peel), is a rich source of minerals, vitamins, proteins, and carbohydrates. Numerous bioactive compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities highlight its pharmacological potential. Beyond its therapeutic uses, jackfruit is frequently used in food preparation and is more popular in non-food sectors. Vacuum-frying and freeze-drying are two more preservation methods that increase its adaptability. The jackfruit tree's bark is also important for forestry and traditional medicine. The purpose of this review is to clarify the many uses of jackfruit, including its pharmacology, nutrition, functionality, and applications in different fields.  

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Nigeria is home to a high prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF), one of the leading causes of lifelong disability globally. Investigating the transmission indices, circulating filarial antigen, and clinical symptoms of LF in five distinct settlements is the aim of this research. Mosquitoes were collected and determined to be Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles gambiae (M and S forms), and Anopheles funestus s.s based on molecular and morphological analysis. Biting rate (BR), Monthly biting rate (MBR) and Annual biting rate (ABR) were high in Babbar Ruga village followed by Yarshanya> Kadajji> Gajerar Giwa> Batagarawa town. The entomological results showed that none of the mosquitoes were infected with microfilariae (Mf) and larval stages (L1, L2& L3) of W. bancrofti, and then, infective biting rate(IBR), transmission potential(TP) and annual transmission potential (ATP) were found to be zero across the study communities. However, two DNA pools of Anopheles funestus s.s 2(4.2%) were tested positive for W. bancrofti at approximately 188bps from Gajerar Giwa.The prevalence rates of Circulating filarial antigen (CFA), Microfilaraemia (MF) and Clinical sign (CS) from the study communities recorded; CFA (28%), MF (4%), CS (0.8%) and there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between males and females. Between the ages of 40 and 51, CFA and MF showed greater values, which eventually decreased. Based on these findings, the study communities are qualifying for mass drug administration(MDA).  

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Problem: The main of this study was to find out the chemical composition of methanolic extract of honey through gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. Honey is a complex blend of nutrients and bioactive substances with several biological functions. Bees absorb the floral nectar from a variety of flora to make honey, which is then converted into simple sugars and stored inside the honeycomb. Approach: A specific honey's Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) can be utilized to distinguish it from honey that comes from different botanical and geographic floral sources. In this study, the chemical profile of the methanolic extract of honey sample is analyzed with the help of gas chromatography- mass spectrometry.The sample of honey was collected from the Jhajjar region of Haryana, India, and the chemical profile of the methanol extract of the honey sample was analyzed with the help of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finding: Results showed the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, amino acids, ketones, and esters were observed in the GC-MS result analysis. Conclusion: Current findings authenticate the huge diversity of chemical composition in honey, and hence, further study on honey is required due to its broad spectrum of potential medicinal, nutritional, and other applications.  

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Gymnema sylvestre, commonly known as Gudmar and belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family, has a rich history in Ayurvedic medicine. It is traditionally used to address various health issues such as kapha, pitta imbalances, ulcers, eye conditions, diabetes, and phlegm-related disorders when combined with flowers and bark. The herb is utilized in different dosing forms for managing diabetes and weight loss. Its phytochemical composition includes compounds like stigmasterol, triterpenoid saponins, Gymnemic acids, and gymnema saponins. Gymnemic acid, a key component, demonstrates anti-diabetic properties through diverse mechanisms. It showcases a range of functional and pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, dental care, anti-fungal, and anti-obesity activities. It also shows potential in addressing the link between obesity, diabetes, and Gymnemic acid, along with benefits for the gastrointestinal tract and as a snake venom antidote. The herb holds promise for future applications and research in various health-related areas

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Problem: Synthesis of metal Nanoparticles (NPs) via environment friendly method is not as prevalent as the chemical methods. The plants of Indian habitat must be explored as the strong reducing and stabilizing agent in the field of synthesis of metal nanoparticles. These plant extracts have the potential to synthesize nanoparticles at very low cost, minimum laboratory requirement and easily available physiochemical conditions. Approach: In the present study, Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cinnamon Bark   ( Cinnamomum cassia ) extract has been done. Cinnamon Bark is a common ingredient of Indian spice family which contains Cinnamaldehyde which acts as a reducing agent. The synthesis procedure has been carried out in a very simple and lucid way. Findings: Cinnamon is a good reducing as well as capping agent.  Also, temperature is playing an important role which has been analysed. The synthesized AgNPs have been examined in aqueous as well as powdered form, using variety of characterization tools. The powdered form show good morphology even after several days of synthesis. Conclusion:  The Silver nanoparticles in aquous form, when kept under normal environmental conditions, show coagulation in aqueous form within couple of days. But the powdered form are quite stable.  

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Problem- The aim of this study was to assess the impact of substrate texture and composition on the development time and survival rate of blow fly pupae. Approach- Blowfly pupation behaviour has been studied in extensive detail, this preliminary study examined Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) preference for substrate, vertical dispersal behaviour, and fly emergence rate under a variety of natural environmental parameters and hard and soft soil conditions. Third instar larvae were collected from two distinct soil samples to investigate the substrate preference of Chrysomya megacephala and their dispersal behavior in response to natural environmental conditions. Result- The maximum depth at which Chrysomya megacephala pupae are found is 2 cm, with a maximum size of 0.8 cm. Typically, the orientation of the pupa within the soil is vertical. In hard soil characterized by low humidity and moisture content, blow flies exhibit a prolonged emergence period from the pupa stage. Conversely, in soft soil with high humidity and moisture levels, blow flies tend to emerge earlier. Conclusion- Observations indicate that temperature plays a significant role in the life cycle of these flies. Lower temperatures extend the duration of the life cycle, while higher temperatures shorten it. Variations in temperature and humidity directly impact growth and indirectly affect the estimation of postmortem interval. Therefore, to enhance the accuracy of such estimations, the historical data of temperature and humidity in the vicinity where the body was discovered should be taken into account

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Sorghum and buckwheat are gluten-free grains with unique nutritional profiles, offering a variety of uses in the industry. This review explores the resurgence of millets and buckwheat as valuable crops for food security and sustainable agriculture. Millets, such as finger millet and sorghum, are highly nutritious, offering ample protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They thrive well in challenging environmental conditions and are gluten-free, making them suitable for individuals with celiac disease or gluten intolerance. Buckwheat, a pseudo-cereal, boasts a similar nutritional profile with the added benefit of high-quality protein rich in lysine. Both millets and buckwheat contain significant amounts of antioxidants like phenolic compounds, contributing to various health benefits. Sorghum consumption has been linked to reduced inflammation, lower chronic disease risk, and improved blood sugar control. Buckwheat excels in promoting heart health, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. Processing techniques like fermentation can further enhance their nutritional value and mitigate the presence of antinutrients. Additionally, both offer diverse culinary applications, with sorghum being used in breads, cookies, and porridges, while buckwheat features prominently in soba noodles, pasta, and pancakes. As awareness of their nutritional and agricultural advantages grows, millets and buckwheat are poised to have a major impact in promoting healthy diets and sustainable food systems.  

ABSTRACT
This comprehensive review explores the economic potential of millet farming, focusing on the production of seven distinct millet varieties in both India and worldwide. Millets, renowned for their adaptability and resilience, have historically played a vital role in global food security. Despite this, their economic significance, particularly for specific varieties, has been underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the economic dimensions of cultivating seven diverse millet types and their overall impact on agricultural prosperity. Millet production, a significant aspect of global agriculture, involves diverse varieties cultivated across various regions. In India, different states contribute to the production of millets, showcasing the country's agricultural diversity. Millet cultivation not only supports domestic dietary needs but also plays a crucial role in international trade. Additionally, processing techniques and the development of value-added products contribute to the versatility of millets in various food products. Understanding the dynamics of millet production requires consideration of regional variations, processing methods, and evolving international market trends for these nutritious grains.  

ABSTRACT
Millets in food policy and promotion, focusing on their health benefits, policy implications, promotional strategies, diverse food applications, nutritional composition, global production, and the economic impact with associated policy recommendations. Millets, renowned for their exceptional nutritional profile, encompass high fiber, essential minerals, and a low glycemic index, contributing significantly to human health. In the context of food policy, incentivizing millet cultivation and incorporating them into national dietary guidelines is imperative. Promotion efforts should involve awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the health advantages and versatile uses of millets in diverse food products.The economic impact of millets is substantial, fostering sustainable agriculture, creating employment opportunities, and bolstering local economies. Governments should consider policy measures such as subsidies, research funding, and market support to further enhance millet production. Diversifying food diets with millets not only addresses malnutrition concerns but also aids in achieving food security and resilience in the face of climate change.Promoting millets in food policy is a holistic strategy that not only improves public health but also has far-reaching economic and environmental implications. Governments and international organizations should prioritize policies that support millet production, create market access, and provide financial incentives. Such measures can lead to a more resilient and sustainable food system, positively impacting both the health of populations and the economies of regions that embrace millet cultivation.  

ABSTRACT
This review explores the extensive potential of tamarind seeds, highlighting various extraction methods, including conventional, solvent-based, sedimentation, centrifugation, microwave, and pulsed electric field techniques. The chemical composition of tamarind starch, as well as its characteristics such as degree of polymerization, gelatinization, and retrogradation, is examined in detail. The review also delves into the properties of tamarind starch, including its physical, rheological, gelling, stabilization, and emulsification capabilities. Furthermore, the impact of different modification methods, such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, and acid treatments, on tamarind seed starch is analyzed. To gain a comprehensive understanding of tamarind seed starch, various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), are employed. The review also discusses the applications of tamarind seed starch in the food and pharmaceutical industries, emphasizing its nutritional and health benefits. The versatility and potential of tamarind seeds are thus thoroughly explored, providing valuable insights for researchers and industry professionals.  

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the impact of Azadirachtaindica leaf-infused soil amendment options and okra types on root-gall nematode infection. It utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications, organized in a 2 × 3 factorial layout. The treatments included two combinations of organic soil amendments: Azadirachtaindica leaves and Carica papaya leaves, Azadirachtaindica leaves and Chromolaenaodorata applied at 8.33 tons/ha, along with a control. Clemson spineless and Yeleen were the two okra types studied. Juvenile root-gall nematode populations were assessed using the modified Baermann technique, and a galling index ranging from 0 to 4 was employed. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. Yeleen exhibited superior performance over Clemson spineless, demonstrating higher leaf production and yielding greater fresh pod weight, shoot weight, seed number, and pod number. The findings indicated that soil amendments, particularly, Azadirachtaindica leaves + Carica papaya leaves, Azadirachtaindica leaves + Chromolaenaodorata effectively controlled root-gall nematode compared to the control plots. Application of these amendments enhanced growth and yield parameters compared to untreated plots, suggesting their potential as effective control measures in fields heavily infested by M. incognita, especially the Azadirachtaindica + Carica papaya leaves mixture.

ABSTRACT
Unripe bananas are used to make green banana flour, an unusual food component that is currently attracting significant attention for its remarkable nutritional and functional qualities. This in-depth analysis starts out by presenting green banana flour and explaining the techniques used in its manufacture and processing. This review discusses green bananas and flour's health benefits and functional potential in food applications. Of particular interest, producing banana flour is evaluated to their influence on flour's nutritional and functional properties. This in-depth analysis thoroughly explores the nutritional benefits and wide-ranging uses of green banana flour. It highlights the flour's rich supply of nutritional fibre, vitamins, minerals, and resistant starch, which provides health advantages and answers to the problems associated with malnutrition. The flour's excellent functional characteristics, such as its ability to hold onto water and oil, its emulsifying capabilities, and its prebiotic potential, place it in a valuable ingredient position with the ability to improve texture, increase shelf life, and enhance sensory qualities in a variety of food applications. This in-depth analysis discusses a wide range of issues with green banana flour. The detailed analysis of production and processing procedures is followed by an examination of the rich nutritional composition of the flour. The article also explores its many uses in value-added goods and prospective health advantages, such as its contribution to treating diseases including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Due to its high concentration of bioactive substances and antioxidants, green banana flour also shows tremendous potential in regulating blood sugar levels, controlling weight, and promoting digestive health. Its sustainable manufacturing practises, low waste output, and capacity to satisfy a variety of dietary choices make it a potential game-changer for the food business and for public health. To fully realise its potential and help create a more sustainable and health-conscious future, it is imperative to invest in ongoing research and development  

ABSTRACT
Blow fly play imperative role for estimating the PMI in forensic entomology, these vary their response with variation in geographical area because of species specific and had a great impact of environmental factors (temperature, pH, humidity, food availability, decomposition) on its developmental stages. Research work was conducted in Mullanpur, Punjab and Chrysomium megacephalum was the key component of our research work. Thermometer, pH meter, hygrometer and digital thermometer was used for measuring the environmental temperature, soil pH, humidity, carcass body temperature, ambient temperature, larval development and decomposition rate of the carcass. Succession based and developmental based model was used for PMI estimation. Life cycle of blow fly and decompositions stages are affected by the temperature, moisture and pH, if one of them also not measured and calculated properly then there will misconception in the PMI appraise. The rise in the temperature results in the increase in growth rate and decomposition rate of the corpse, by calculating these factors we can calculate the life span of the blow fly, through which we can estimate the PMI. Therefore, our research concludes that all the three factors known as temperature, growth rate and decomposition rate are interdependent on each other. All these factors are influenced by the environmental factors such as environmental temperature, humidity, pH and food availability.

ABSTRACT
The present work elaborates an alternate protocol for rapid in vitro propagation of Musa accuminata (Grand naine) using sword suckers which were longitudinally slit into 3-5 parts each retaining a fragment of the shoot meristem and the rhizomatous base. These longitudinally slit suckers were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with BAP(3mg/l)+Kinetin(0.5mg/l)+IAA(0.5mg/l) to obtain multiple shoot buds within 2 weeks. These proliferating shoots were slit longitudinally as before and subcultured onto the same medium after 4 weeks of culture. The banana shoots were further transferred into  half strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing IAA(1mg/l)+IBA( 1.5mg/l)+ activated charcoal(0.2%) which induced rooting within 10 days. Further subculture was carried out in the same rooting medium to attain adequate elongation of the shoot and development of leaves. These shoots were hardened in soil : cocopeat: vermicompost(1:1:1) and later transplanted to soil after 3 weeks of secondary hardening.  

ABSTRACT
In the dynamic landscape of fashion consumption, understanding a product's country of origin (COO) plays a crucial significance. This abstract delves into the intricate relationship between COOs and purchase decisions concerning fashion apparel, particularly among college students. Drawing from a synthesis of existing literature, this research attempts to clarify the complex effects of COO on the purchasing decisions made by members of this particular group.Firstly, it investigates the psychological mechanisms underpinning the impact of COO on purchasing choices. Cognitive associations, perceived quality, and cultural stereotypes are among the factors explored how COO shapes consumers' perceptions and preferences. Additionally, the abstract delves into the regulating role of individual characteristics, such as consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism, in this process.Furthermore, the abstract discusses the practical implications for marketers and policymakers in leveraging COO as a strategic tool to enhance consumer engagement and market penetration. Understanding the significance of COO cues can assist fashion brands in crafting effective marketing strategies tailored to the preferences and sensitivities of college students.Lastly, the abstract proposes paths for additional research to deepen the comprehension of COO impacts in the context of fashion apparel consumption. Exploring cross-cultural variations, the impact of globalized supply chains, and the advent of e-commerce on COO perceptions present promising areas for scholarly inquiry. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the role of COO in shaping purchase decisions regarding fashion apparel among college students. By elucidating the intricate interplay between COO cues and consumer behaviour, this study contributes to the enrichment of theoretical frameworks and practical insights essential for navigating the complexities of the contemporary fashion market.

ABSTRACT
With the increasing number of fire disasters in recent years and from the accompanying scientific development. It is imperative to test distinct approaches to develop enhance understanding of this heterogenous phenomenon to prevent future incidents and to minimize losses. The study presents a macroscopic qualitative approach to the assessment using central investigation parameters. With systematic experimentation, the fire propagation and self-ignition effect is explored. Varying linear configuration(s) incorporated with the slope effect is investigated and useful physical understanding is drawn to gain the true replication. Quintessential parameters like, nature of flame, classification of propagation effect, the flame height, assisting heat source and heat sink effect in view of self-ignition effect are observed. The results clearly show the large-scale fire propagation phenomenon to be highly heterogenous in nature. Unique singularities were observed with different cases which proposes better probability-based solution.      

ABSTRACT
This review provides an in-depth analysis of the nutritional and technological features of legume-based meat analogue products, shedding light on their potential to address the rising demand for plant-based meat alternatives. Recognizing the high nutritional value, environmental benefits, and culinary adaptability of legumes, the study highlights their prominence as a viable option. It emphasizes that plant-based meat and meat analogues derived from legumes are pivotal in facilitating the transition away from animal-based products. Notably, the analysis underscores that plant-based meat offers a comparable amino acid profile to animal meat, making it a noteworthy substitute.Discover how 3D printing transforms meat alternatives by providing custom textures and ingredients. Witness the transition from the ecological footprint of traditional meat production to the sustainability of meat substitutes, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions, land consumption, and biodiversity loss. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the broader societal benefits, including accessibility to quality nutrition in underserved areas. By exploring the nutritional composition of legumes, the paper underscores the cost-effectiveness and holistic nutritional value of plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs). Despite these advantages, consumer scepticism persists due to limited awareness of PBMAs and a prevailing preference for conventional meat products. The review advocates for a comprehensive understanding and wider acceptance of PBMAs, foreseeing a promising future for their integration into the regular diets of consumers.  

ABSTRACT
1,4-Benzodioxane is a versatile molecule widely used to design molecules capable of exhibiting diverse bioactivities. The present research work focuses on the synthesis of metal complexes involving 1,4-benzodioxane-2-carboxylic acid ligand and its subsequent evaluation for antibacterial properties. The metal complexes of cobalt, nickel and copper were synthesized and characterized by IR and mass spectral analysis. The synthesized molecules were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Metal complexes exhibited promising antibacterial activity

ABSTRACT
Up to 56% of pregnant women worldwide suffer from iron deficiency, and food fortification is essential to addressing this issue. The intricate and diverse field of maternal and infant health encompasses tactics such as the utilization of folic acid and double-fortified salt. Research examines the benefits and viability of fortification economically, with a focus on how affordable it is. Supplementing with iron and folic acid is essential; interventions to improve adherence should take into account options such as intravenous iron therapy. Pregnancy-related risks of iron overload require surveillance. Multilevel approaches address environmental, social, and individual factors in the treatment of anaemia. Women of childbearing age still lack sufficient awareness and knowledge about folic acid, despite campaigns to change this. The rate at which iron and folic acid supplements are taken has a major impact on maternal knowledge. For the sake of the health of mothers and infants, comprehensive approaches to nutrition—including supplementation and fortification—are necessary, necessitating consideration of both supply and demand factors.  

ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out at the Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University. The increasing demand for healthier snack alternatives has led to the exploration of natural ingredients in confectionery products. This research focuses on the development and evaluation of petha by using pomegranate flavour. The primary objective is to create a nutritious petha that provides essential nutrients while satisfying sweet cravings. Six different treatments were developed, varying the proportions of pomegranate flavour, with comprehensive analysis conducted to evaluate their sensory and nutritional properties. Sensory evaluation identified the optimal formulation as Treatment 6, which received the highest scores for taste (8.80), flavour (8.70), colour (8.70), texture (8.90), mouthfeel (8.70) and overall acceptability (8.75) on a 9-point hedonic scale. Nutritional analysis of the best-performing treatment revealed a moisture content of 31.08% (T1), ash content of 3.00% (T5), total acidity of 0.030% (T6) and ascorbic acid of 5.25Mg/100g (T6). Physio-chemical analysis showed highest values in treatment T6 viz., tannin (1.07mg/100g), total phenolic content (8.66mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (2.66mg QE/g). The research employed advanced techniques such as solvent extraction, steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction to integrate pomegranate essence effectively without compromising the traditional texture and integrity of petha. Results from the sensory evaluations indicated a positive reception, with participants appreciating the innovative flavour profile and expressing a high likelihood of consumption, suggesting strong market potential, especially among health-conscious consumers. The chemical analysis confirmed significant increase in Vitamin C content, reinforcing the product’s positioning as a healthier alternative within the confectionery market. The study underscores the feasibility of blending traditional confectionery practices with modern nutritional enhancements, highlighting a viable pathway for the evolution of traditional sweets into functional foods.  

ABSTRACT
Beetlesplay a significant role in both environmental and biomedical studies. Beetles are valuable indicators of environmental pollutionthey are delicateto ecological parameters and react quickly to changes in the surroundings. In biomedical research, beetleshelpto cure many human diseases. This review explores the potential applications of beetles in biomedical studies, focusing on their role in understanding disease and environmental health. They are ideal for monitoring environmental changes because they are ubiquitous, easily captured, and have large toxin storage capacities.  

ABSTRACT
Honey has been used for treating digestive ailments and with certain types of plants it possesses bio-active properties, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Some honey contains indigestible carbs, which have been found to have prebiotic activity. Prebiotic promote changes in the gut microbiota,that is critical for human health. Health awareness has increased demand for non-dairy probiotic products due to concerns like allergies and lactose intolerance. Natural prebiotic oligosaccharides, which cannot be digested by pathogenic microorganisms, can enhance the functional attributes of these products. Honey, a natural food with rich nutritional and therapeutic values, is an excellent source of prebiotic oligosaccharides, which can enhance the growth and activity of probiotic microorganisms. This paper reviews the growing evidence supporting honey's prebiotic potential in promoting healthy gut function, regulating microbial communities, and reducing infection and inflammation.

ABSTRACT
An organism’s remains begin to break down once it dies. Numerous insects are drawn to this process and may utilize the carrion as a possible food source for themselves and their progeny. The capability of blow flies (Family: Calliphorid) to identify a decompose resource from a great distance makes them among the first insects to find and occupy a dead person. Forensic entomologist utilize the behavior and developmental cycles of early colonist to compute the post- mortem interval (PMI). But in addition to the insects drawn to the decaying food. For the estimation of postmortem intervals (PMI), flies are often used. Usually the age of the larval and pupal specimens serves as the basis for these estimations source, there is also an attraction for other insect predators that feed on these initial colonists. Blow flies are among the main invertebrate consumer, both in their immature and adult phases of decomposing animal organic materials. Post- feeding larval dispersal is the process by which larvae find suitable places for pupation after the food source is depleted or when they migrate and finish developing before the larval substrate disappears completely. The post- mortem interval (PMI) of human cadavers in legal medicine can be estimated with the help of an understanding of post feeding larval dispersal. This is because the larvae that disperse longer, more rapidly, deeper and older dispersing may cause this interval to be underestimated. For a long period, forensic entomology has been developing all around the world. Only a few controlled research on human cadavers at human decomposition facilities have been carried out, with the majority of these being carried out in warm and frequently dry areas, despite the fact that this discipline is employed in criminal investigations all over the world. Due to their ability to aid in determining the time since death, several bug taxa may be extremely important for criminal investigations. When a cadaver is exposed during the day, blow flies are frequently the first insects to establish themselves there. They typically show up minutes to hours later. During the initial stages of colonization, blow fly development can be affected by the arrival of other insects, such as hymenopterans and coleopterans, on a carcass. Flies interact with the remains in order to lay eggs and obtain nutrition during the decomposition process, bringing their bacteria with them. Although the specific core microbiome of each fly is known, it is unknown whether flies connected to human corpses have a distinctive core microbiome. Variations in the fly microbiome could change the type of microorganisms that the flies carry to the corpse, which could have an impact on how the human decomposer microbiome assembles. Insects are used in forensic entomology to assess the post- mortem interval (PMI), which depends on blow fly colonization. Because it plays an essential role in forensic investigations, the PMI is highly relevant as it provides an estimate of the period between finding and death.  

ABSTRACT
The present paper reviews the possibility of using leaf segments as explants of orchid species to regenerate and multiply the germplasm in vitro.Presently, the regeneration of leaf explants was accessed in MS (1962) medium by varying salt concentration i.e. full strength and half strength versions.Although the explants regenerated in all the tested versions of MS medium, however, cent per cent explants responded in full strength version of MS medium and developed into plantlets within 12 weeks of culture. The results demonstratethat besides micropropagating Acampe praemorsa in vitro through the deviced protocol this protocol could be used to micropropagate other orchid species through leaf segment culture in vitro.This report showcases the possibility of using leaf segments as an effective alternative, to seed and shoot apical meristems, to multiply the germplasm of rare and endangered orchid species  

ABSTRACT
The Hemiptera (true bugs) includes the Lygaeidae.The family is more frequently known as ground bugs or milkweed bugs than as seed bugs. Genitals play a major role in differentiating the insects, as genital parts are different in every species of insect. In, this paper, we are going to study the external genitals of male and female, by which we can observe the variations and difference among them.

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Vaginal infections affect about fifty percent of all women get, whereas AIDS-affected women experience greater severity. Medical intervention might be necessary for the candida-caused infection or vulvavaginal infection. Improved effective therapy can be achieved by carefully selecting polymers to create novel delivery featuring certain characteristics including stimulus responsiveness, antibacterial activity, and muco-adhesiveness., Methods: Based on the publications that were issued in English between 2007 and 2024, we created a systematic review. We used syntax and database-specific tags to guide our search approach for Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane, among other databases. The papers with inclusion criteria were chosen, and their data was retrieved and examined., Results: The goals of the present review is to illustrate reported extract, conventional formulations and various new strategies for local administration for the treatment of disease as well as to evaluate various optimisation parameters critically based on their physicochemical characteristics., Conclusions: Here, we review the natural extract, formulation and novel therapies (nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels or microsphere) for treatment. These may improve the safety and efficacy of the drug. Novel approaches are catching attention of researcher for local delivery of drug now a days by utilizing cellular or intrinsic targeting.  

ABSTRACT
Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from the abundant natural polymer chitin, has emerged as a versatile biopolymer with diverse applications. Its unique properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional qualities have garnered significant attention since the 1970s. Chitosan has been applied in various industries, including food, paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, and chemistry, with recent interest in agrochemistry, aquaculture, dentistry, ophthalmology, biomedicine, bioimaging, and other fields. The expanding markets of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals highlight chitosan's potential for development in therapeutic and biomedical products. This overview showcases a selection of publications on chitosan applications from the last 20 years, demonstrating its versatility and potential for future research and development. Chitosan's renewable and biodegradable nature makes it an attractive resource for sustainable applications. Its potential in agrochemistry, aquaculture, and biomedicine is particularly promising, with opportunities for the development of innovative products and technologies. As research continues to uncover the properties and applications of chitosan, its potential for future growth and development is vast.

ABSTRACT
Global food and nutritional security are under threat from climate change. Temperature increasecoincide with an increase in greenhouse gas production in the atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. The climate change is the main factor fostering many stresses that negatively affect the efficiency of agriculture. Rising temperatures, irregular precipitation and growing greenhouse gas emissions are all threatening global agriculture, resulting in lower crop yields and increased food insecurity. This review investigates the implications of changing the climate on soil fertility, water availability, pest infestations, yields and food security. It explores novel strategies including climate-smart agriculture, traditional breeding and genomic tools to alleviate the effects of abiotic stresses on crops, including heat, salinity and drought. In order to ensure food production and handle the urgent problem of climate-induced agricultural vulnerabilities, the review highlights the necessity of adaptive methods.  

ABSTRACT
Environmental factors mainly temperature, humidity, soil pH are help in shaping blowfly development. Blow flies are species specific and have a powerful impact on the geographical area. Research work can be conducted in the Mullanpur, Punjab and mainly the blow fly species which is the key component of our research work is Chrysomya megacephala. In this research work the instrument used for measuring these factors like environmental temperature, soil pH, humidity, carcass body temperature, ambient temperature, rate of decomposition by thermometer, hygrometer, pH meter. The increase in temperature result in increase in rate of decomposition and decrease in temperature result in slowdown in the process of decomposition. For our research work the time we choose was from march to April.  

ABSTRACT
Rapid urban expansion, economic growth, population pressures, and lack of recognition of the value of urban heritage trees by urbanites are endangering urban woody species and urban heritage trees. The research aimed to evaluate treespecies composition, heritage trees, and conflicts with infrastructure in Addis Ababa. To meet these goals, designed, sampled, and conducted data collection was carried out using a comprehensive approach that included the identification of woody species, criteria for identifying heritage trees, and visual observations of conflicts between trees and infrastructure in selected green spaces. The research found out 68 species from 65 genera and 36 families. The Fabaceae family exhibited the highest species count in green spaces. Parks displayed greater diversity, with over 50% of species being Native, whereas roadside areas had lower diversity, with over 85% consisting of exotic species. Olea europaea, Grevillea robusta, and Vachellia etbaica were high in parks at varying altitudes, while roadside areas were dominated by Grevillea robusta and Acacia melanoxylon. Conflict assessments between trees and infrastructure yielded mean values of 0.64 for aboveground conflicts and 0.7 for belowground conflicts. Grevillea robusta and Acacia melanoxylon showed many conflicts with above and belowground infrastructure.42 potential heritage trees were identified, including 39Native species (including three endemics) and 3 exotic species. These trees hold significant historical, environmental, ecological, and cultural value. In conclusion, urban green spaces provide services as reservoirs of diverse native woody species, possesses potential heritage trees that require registration, and protection, and need urban tree infrastructure conflict management. 

ABSTRACT
The higher plants have yielded a wide variety of active chemical compounds antagonistic to plant parasiticorganisms. Saponins within J. curcas plant parts were tested in the laboratory and screen house experiments for their bio-nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita) on okra. Crude saponins isolated from plant parts were evaluated against 30nematodejuveniles (J2s) for 24, 48, & 72 hours in incubation at 0, 5, and 10 ml in vitro.One hundred percent mortality was obtained withseedsaponins (30/30) at 10 ml and 72 h of incubation, while at 5 ml, Seed saponins also recorded highest mortality (23/30) at 72 h incubation.Results under screen house trial demonstrated the ability ofsaponins administered at 5 ml/pottosubstantially decrease root-gall index while boosting plant growth indicators such as plant heights, leaf area, leaf numbers, 100 dry seed weights and mucilaginous properties of okra on application of seed and leaf extracts ofsaponins over the untreated control plants with root-gall index of 4 (severely galled). Application ofleaf and seed extracts ofsaponinsnot only reduced root gall index to 1.40 (rarely galled) and 2.00(slightly galled) but significantly (P<0.05) enhanced Okra pod weights by 58 % (3.62 g).Inspite of the fact that, root saponins effectively reduced root-gall nematode index to 2.30 (slightly galled), its application together with seed saponins supported the productionofokra pods with highest 100 dry seed weights and mucilaginous property. This study no doubt unveils the strong nematicidal activity of Jatropha based phytochemical such as saponins in the management of plant-parasite nematodes. However, further research is needed to study the impact of Saponins in other kinds of soils and on other nematode species