ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants are known to contain substances which could be used for treatment purposes or used to produce drugs. This study profiled the bioactive components of Garcinia kola leaf against clinical isolates from gastrointestinal tract. Preliminary phytochemical screening was adopted in the determination of the phytochemical components of the extracts. Agar well diffusion technique was adopted in the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility pattern of the extracts against Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli were used in this study. Saponins .anthraquinones, phlobatannins, tannins, phenols, anthranoids and cardiac glycosides were detected in the leaf. Antibacterial activity screening revealed zones of inhibition ranging from 10mm to 22mm with leaf ethanol extract while the Minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged from 250mg/ml to 500mg/ml. The result showed the antibacterial activities of the various leaf of bitter kola as result of the abundant phyto-active compounds in the leaves. However, Hesperidin, Proanthocyanidin, Columbin, Cynaroside, Sanguinarine, Silymarin, (22E)-Stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-ol, Siphonaxanthin triacetate, Desmosterol acetate, Stigmasterol methyl ether, Stigmasterol, Desmosterol were reported to have higher binding interactions with the disease targets. The findings has shown that Hesperidin had the highest inhibition potentials against E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae with higher inhibition on Shigella dysenteriae. Hence, Hesperidin could be regarded as potential drug candidate for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract infection especially those caused by Shigella dysenteriae. Hence, there should be enlightenment of the general public on the medicinal importance of bitter kola leaf in order to effectively harness the medicinal values. 

ABSTRACT
Rapid urbanization and increasing construction activities have contributed to growing concerns regarding ambient particulate pollution and its potential implications for public health in developing cities. This study assessed the spatial distribution of cement-dust-related pollutants and examined respiratory health indicators in Enugu Metropolis, southeastern Nigeria. Ambient air samples were collected from twenty-two residential estates between March and September 2023 using a MiniVol portable air sampler and a Bosean multi-gas detector. Concentrations of PM?.?, PM??, SO?, and cement-associated oxides, including silica (SiO?), iron oxide (Fe?O?), aluminum oxide (Al?O?), magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium oxide (K?O), and sodium oxide (Na?O), were determined. Geographic Information System (GIS) interpolation techniques were employed to characterize spatial distribution patterns, while tuberculosis (TB) records obtained from the Enugu State Ministry of Health were used as respiratory health indicators at the Local Government Area (LGA) level. Results showed mean PM?.? and PM?? concentrations of 26.59 µg m?³ and 34.41 µg m?³, respectively. PM?? concentrations generally complied with international and national standards, whereas PM?.? concentrations slightly exceeded World Health Organization guideline values at selected locations. GIS analyses revealed localized pollutant hotspots around Heliu Estate, Harmony Estate, Fidelity Estate, Goshen Estate, Jubilee Estate, and Sunrise Estate, suggesting the influence of construction activities, traffic emissions, and dust resuspension. Health records indicated a total of 390 reported tuberculosis cases within Enugu Urban during 2023, with the highest burden occurring in Enugu West Local Government Area. Because environmental and health datasets were available at different spatial scales, the study was designed as a preliminary ecological assessment rather than a causal epidemiological investigation. Consequently, direct exposure-response relationships could not be established. Nevertheless, the findings provide valuable baseline information on urban air quality and respiratory health indicators and highlight the need for integrated environmental-health monitoring systems, improved dust-control measures, and sustainable urban planning in rapidly developing cities.  

ABSTRACT
Delta State, one of the major oil producing states in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, has been plagued by youth restiveness, including pipeline vandalism, crude oil theft, kidnapping for ransom, militancy, and other social vices. Although, previous studies have documented the causes and impact of these vices on livelihoods of farmers, there is a paucity of research on how agricultural entrepreneurship programmes may mitigate youth involvement in such activities. Thus, this study examined the impact of agricultural entrepreneurship programmes on mitigating youth restiveness in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 112 respondents from fourteen villages of the seven wards in the study area. Data for the study were collected using structured questionnaire. Level of youth restiveness and participation of youth in agricultural entrepreneurship programmes were achieved with descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of agricultural entrepreneurship programmes on mitigating youth restiveness. Key findings reveal high participation rates in the Youth Agricultural Entrepreneurs Programme (YAGEP) at 58%, and moderate to high self-reported levels of restiveness, with 27.7% rating it high and 14.3% low. Logistic regression analysis indicates participating in YAGEP (B = -0.529, p = 0.008) and the Skills Training and Entrepreneurship Programme (STEP) (B = -0.266, p = 0.010) significantly reduces the likelihood of youth restiveness. Involvement in the Livelihood Improvement Family Enterprises Project for the Niger Delta (LIFE-ND) shows the most substantial impact (B = -4.728, p = 0.001) on mitigating restiveness. The study emphasizes the need for inclusive, context-specific initiatives aligned with the aspirations of vulnerable youth demographics.