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Traditional cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum involved growing it on logs, but recent developments have optimized production by using substrates such as sawdust, rice, and even agricultural waste. Advances in controlled indoor farming have been applied to cultivate Ganoderma lucidum, enabling better control over environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and light, which are crucial for maximizing the growth and quality of the mushrooms. Ganoderma lucidum is renowned for its medicinal properties and is rich in a variety of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, β-glucans, glycoproteins, steroids, amino acids, lactones, and fatty acids, all of which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Present study has revealed that bioactive compounds produced from Ganoderma lucidum has many pharmaceutical applications such as immunomodulatory, anti-aging, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective. To harness these beneficial compounds, several extraction techniques have been developed. This review explores various cultivation methods of Ganoderma lucidum, highlights the significance of its bioactive compounds.

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Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that plays a critical role in supporting the physiological health and proper functioning of both plants and humans. In this sense, it is indispensable in plant biology to activate a multitude of enzymes, synthesize proteins and regulate the hormonal activity. A deficiency in zinc disrupts these fundamental processes, often resulting in stunted growth, delayed crop maturation, chlorosis, and ultimately, diminished agricultural productivity. The prevalence of zinc deficiency is particularly notable in soils characterized by elevated pH levels, excessive phosphorus concentrations, and inadequate zinc bioavailability, which has a direct adverse impact on agricultural productivity. In the context of human health, the consumption of crops deficient in zinc can precipitate severe health issues, including an impaired immune response, cognitive decline, and hindered growth. This review aims to explore the critical roles of zinc in plant and examine the repercussions of its deficiency on plant vitality. Furthermore, it considers various strategies to enhance zinc availability, encompassing traditional practices such as soil and foliar applications, alongside innovative methodologies like the utilization of zinc nano particles and fortified fertilizers. By using these strategies, it’s possible to boost zinc levels in crops, improving both crop yields and human nutrition. The review highlights the importance of combining different fields of research to find effective solutions for improving zinc nutrition and fighting global malnutrition.

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Neolamarckia cadamba known as cadamba tree or Kadam is commonly referred as the "miracle tree," as it has been widely recognized in Indian traditional medicine for its therapeutic potential in treating a variety of ailments. It is a significant species in tropical and subtropical ecosystem. In many developing countries, cadamba and its natural products continue to play a vital role in traditional medicine due to their accessibility, effectiveness, and minimal toxicity to healthy human cells. It is notable for its rapid growth, attractive appearance and various applications. This review examines its botanical characteristics, ecological roles, economic importance and cultivation methods. It also provides diverse studies focusing on the physiological, ecological, phytochemical, and pharmacological characteristics. Although it faces challenges like sterilising its explants that are obtained from the field is very difficult because of the abundance of endophytic microbes in them, contamination has hampered its tissue growth in the field and is challenging to overcome. It brings researchers to study more about this plant to overcome the challenges as it serves as a valuable model organism in research, owing to its relatively small genome (~800 Mb), fast growth, and ability to flower and produce fruit within four years.  

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Background: The health of poultry is therefore important for the world food needs especially for those that consume broilers for meat. Salmonella and Escherichia coil for instance, are potential pathogenic bacteria that influence diseases in broilers with potentiality that may cause high death rates and cost implications. That is why it is crucial to always come up with proper management measures in order to control these bacterial infections causing harm to the poultry birds. Objective: This paper seeks to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis a known probiotic, on the establishment of Salmonella and E. coli in the intestine of the broilers. In an effort to abduct our understanding from the most recent literature, this paper aims at finding the extent to which the presence of Bacillus subtilis affects the presence and further proliferation of these pathogenic bacteria. Key Findings: Evidence suggests that Bacillus subtilis exerts a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of Salmonella and E. coli in broiler intestines. Studies indicate that Bacillus subtilis competes with these pathogens for nutrients and adherent sites, produces antimicrobial substances, and modulates the gut microbiota to suppress pathogenic bacteria. Both in vivo and in vitro studies highlight a significant reduction in the population of Salmonella and E. coli with the inclusion of Bacillus subtilis in broiler diets. Conclusion: The incorporation of Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic in broiler diets shows promising potential for enhancing poultry health by controlling the colonization of harmful bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli. These findings suggest that Bacillus subtilis could be an effective tool in poultry health management, contributing to improved animal welfare and reduced economic losses. Further research is recommended to optimize probiotic strategies and address any implementation challenges.  

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Problem: The skin, as the most visible part of the body, naturally draws attention. Psychocutaneous disorders often present a complex and varied burden. Despite dermatologists' growing awareness and adaptation to these changes, the impact of dermatophytosis on patients’ quality of life (QoL) remains underappreciated. Although superficial fungal infections are recognized for causing social discomfort and psychological stress, the true extent of their effect on patients' daily lives has not been adequately explored or addressed. Acknowledging the emotional and psychological toll of such infections is essential to fully grasp their broader impact. Approach: To evaluate depression and assess its severity and association with dermatophyte infections in patients in a tertiary care centre. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a nine-month period, from January 2024 to September 2024, at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and leprosy and Psychiatry, in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Basic demographic and clinical feature details of the conditions were obtained by the Dermatologist and the severity of depression and anxiety was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) by the consultant Psychiatrist.  The Dermatological Quality of Life Index (DLQI) was used to assess quality of life. Findings: 400 patients with clinically diagnosed dermatophytosis were recruited with females being the majority. Highest incidence was noticed among 25-35 years of age. The HADS indicated borderline anxiety and depression, with minimal to moderate depression. The DLQI showed minimal to moderate effects, significantly Impacting quality of life. Conclusion: This study focuses on the mental health impact of a common dermatological condition in Eastern India paving a way for more research in the field of derrmatophytosis as well the significance of its impact on mental health.  

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Consecutive patients attending Psychiatric OPD meeting DSM-5 TR criteria for either Major Depressive Disorder or Somatoform Disorders were included in the study provided their age were within 18-65 years and no associated general medical conditions was present. Each patient was asked to mention their principal problem that made them attend OPD. SCID was used to confirm diagnosis and detect co-morbidity. The patients were then administered the HDRS -17. Study found that very few (i.e. only 21.1%) depressed patients present with depression as principal complaint. Somatic complaints (mainly physical pain) were the commonest (39.5%) principal complaint. Study also shows very high level of co-morbidity. 47.13% of depressed patients have co-morbidity (all anxiety disorders in our study), while 40.74% of somatoform disorder patients had co-morbidity (3.7% had anxiety disorders, 37.04% had depressive disorders). HDRS scores were lower in patients presenting with somatic complaint and may be a cause of somatisation. Most significant finding of our study was that, although HDRS total scores were more in depressed patients, it had little discriminating power to distinguish depression from somatoform disorders. The scores were heavily influenced by co-morbidity with specific gender related difference. Principal presenting problem does not bear any relationship with HDRS score. QUEST analysis indicated only Iteam12 of HDRS-17 (Somatic Symptoms, Gastrointestinal) was best variable in differentiating between depressive disorders and somatoform disorders. The research indicates need to study reasons for the above findings, especially analysis to detect inherent problems of HDRS in our clinical and cultural perspective.  

ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality (8.3%) globally. Increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression has led to the development of large number of anticancer drugs. Several drawbacks of  drug development such as tedious, time consuming, resource intensified process coupled with drugs failure in clinical trials and associated side-effects have necessitated plant based natural compounds as an alternative. Large body of scientific evidences now indicates that plant derived compounds or phytochemicals have significant antitumor properties. The results presented in this paper summarizes the data with respect to Scutellarein tetramethy lether (STE) a plant derived flavonoid and its anti-tumour activity in Hepatocellular adenocarcinoma cell line (HepG2).The cellular assays indicates cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of the compound at IC50 value of 47.49µM (16.2µg/ml), further it exhibited prominent Cell Cycle phase arrest at G2/M phase, S phase and Sub G0/G1 phasesandlate apoptosis. Finally, gene expression assay suggested it upregulated Caspase-3 gene and down regulated BCl2 gene. The molecular docking of STE against key HCC receptors revealed higher to moderate binding, with additional non-covalent interactions. The pharmacokinetic properties of the compound satisfy Lipinski drug likeness and good absorbability, solubility, and moderate crossing of the blood brain barrier. Finally, toxicity studies implicate lower hepatotoxicity and skin sensitization. In summary from the cellular and in silico analysis the natural compound STE could be considered as a lead candidate to perform future in-vitro and simulation studies towards development of a drug for the treatment of HCC.  

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Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, crucial for saving lives but misuse leads to resistance. Resistance develops naturally but misuse accelerates it. Reserved antibiotics are last resort for multi-drug-resistant infections. Proper antibiotic use via culture tests reduces resistance, improves patient outcomes, and decreases hospital stays. Pharmacists need better understanding to curb misuse, enhance care, and combat resistance, preserving antibiotics' efficacy and saving lives. Hence the objective of this study was to find out the knowledge, attitude and practice of rational use of antibiotics and reserved antibiotics, to ascertain the prevalence of rational use of antibiotics and to assess the prevalence of rational use of reserved antibiotics. A cross-sectional observational questionnaire-based study was conducted for pharmacists in Bengaluru. The research enrolled 500 pharmacists from various pharmacies who satisfy the inclusion criteria. Consent was obtained from all enrolled pharmacist. A questionnaire was distributed to the study participants prior to creating awareness. Knowledge regarding antimicrobial dispensing was provided with the help of information leaflets. Only 9% of pharmacists had above-average knowledge about antibiotics, while 91% had below-average knowledge. 38% of pharmacists had an above-average attitude towards antibiotic use, while 62% had a below-average attitude. 30% of pharmacists reported above-average practices, while 44% reported below-average practices regarding antibiotic use. The, the prevalence of rational use of antibiotics was found to be 43% and irrational use of antibiotics was found to be 57%. The prevalence of rational use of reserved antibiotics was found to be 58% and irrational use of antibiotics was found to be 42%. The study among pharmacists in Bengaluru found that educational programs and training are required to improve knowledge, attitude, and practices towards rational antibiotic use. Implementing health educational programs can promote appropriate use of antibiotics, enhancing patient quality of life and reducing hospital stays.  

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Problem: Albendazole tablet is one among the antiparasitic drug widely used for the animals and humans,in order to treat the parasitic infectionsdue to its broad-spectrum of anthelmintic activity. These tabletscan be released into the soil from the households wastes and healthcare facilities. The release of the active pharmaceutical substances from the albendazole will results in the soil and water pollution due to the process of surface run-off and leaching. Approach: During the present research, a pilot study has been conducted in order to know the impacts of expired and non-expired albendazole tablets on the soil quality. In order to know the various properties and characteristics of both the tablets, few pharmaceutical evaluation tests were done. For the study, the expired and non-expired albendazole tablets were collected, powdered and added at the rate of1g, 5g and 10g to the landfill soil sample. In order to maintain the moisture level, a tracer amount of water was added and it was kept for observations for a period of 30 days. After 30 days, the soil samples were collected, subjected to extraction and used for the analysis of various physico-chemical parameters. Findings: From the experimental result, it was found that, the expired albendazole tablet has greater potential to cause the negative impact on the soil quality. It was observed that, the parameters such as moisture content, (7.44%), pH (8.98), electrical conductivity (7.06 ds/m), potassium (2100.6 Kg/ha), available phosphorus (3588.8 Kg/ha) and sulphate values (421.96 ppm) were found to be higher in expired albendazole treatments, in comparison with the normal range of the soil quality standards. Conclusion: From the study, it was concluded that, the expired albendazole tablets in the soil can persist for longer periods, altering the soil chemical composition.  

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With the increasing of population, the energy source demands are also increases. The amount of energy requirement is different between the countries around the world. The developed country need more energy compare to developing country. The present people are most concern about renewable energy sources because it is pollution free, simply available and less costly and more amounts exist in the earth. In this connection a survey has been carried out in a cluster of villages in Mungeli district of Chhattisgarh. The survey is based on data collected from households and village level questionnaire. The present energy consumptions in cooking, lighting agriculture and rural industry etc. have been worked out. An effort has been made to evaluate the present energy resources in the cluster and also determine the area required to install the renewable energy system. In this paper we also calculate the total requirements of renewable energy resources for aforesaid district.  

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Alzheimer is one of the most dangerous brains disorder the affect the elderly people. An under diagnosed and undertreated illness is giving rise to a serious public health concern. The disease is due to the lack of cholinergic neurons in the brain, ultimately due to the deterioration of Acetylcholine (Ach) concentration. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme responsible for breakdown of Acetylcholine. Inhibition of AChE, is the most significant therapeutic target of AD therapy pathways. The present study revealed that the total weights of Artemisia vulgaris plant (aerial) used were 500 gm. In the pharmacognostic evaluation of Artemisia vulgaris (aerial) we determine total ashvalue, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water extractive value, alcoholic extractive value, and loss on drying. Antioxidant plays a major role in protecting our body from disease by reducing the oxidative damage to cellular component caused by Reactive Oxygen Species. The determination of the total phenolic and flavonoids Artemisia vulgaris (aerial) content of hydro alcoholic extracts were investigated. Recent investigations suggest that the plant origin antioxidants with free-radical scavenging properties may have great therapeutic importance in free radical mediated diseases like diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular diseases, aging, gastrointestinal diseases, arthritis, and aging process. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined by different in vitro methods such as the DPPH assay. In this investigation, the in-vitro antioxidant effect of Artemisia vulgaris were evaluated. 

ABSTRACT
Land use and land cover (LULC) products are important for comprehending anthropogenic interactions with the environment. The precise information about LULC of our environments is essential for various applications such as the monitoring and management of natural resources, producing development plans, and global change assessments. Regrettably, recent wall-to-wall LULC maps and statistics of Nigeria are not available. This work presents the spatiotemporal wall-to-wall LULC maps and estimates of Nigeria for 2000, 2010, and 2020.The study used 6 LULC classes in he classification process. The supervised classification was used to classify the LULC in the satellite imageries. With ground-truthing, the accuracy of the classification was also evaluated and validated.From the classification result, the grassland revealed the highest percentages throughout the time series as compared to other classes of LULC. It recorded the highest rate in 2010 at 28.06%. The LULC classification accuracy assessment result for 2000, 2010, and 2020 showed overall accuracies of 94%, 91%, and 95% respectively. Similarly, the kappa coefficients were 0.93, 0.89, and 0.94, correspondingly. There is significant variability regarding LULC in Nigeria. The fluctuations in the LULC implied both gain and loss in the LULC throughout the study epochs. The levels of accuracy obtained in the classification are highly acceptable as they are higher than 85% stipulated as the minimum accuracy required for research of this nature. Furthermore, the kappa coefficients indicate an almost perfect correlation between the classified pixels and ground-truth data.  

ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children and feacal contamination of school premises in urban and rural areas of Imo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to November 2024, in selected primary schools across Owerri and Orlu zones of Imo State. A total of 2,304 stool samples from children aged 5–13 years were collected and examined using Direct wet-mount technique, Kato Katz technique and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique. Soil samples were also collected at strategic spots in the school premises to assess environmental contamination, and were examined using formalin ethyl acetate concentration techniques. Structured questionnaires were administered to assess the demographic information of the children. Statistical analysis was performed using R programmer version 4.4.2. The overall prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections was 53.04%, with significantly higher rates in rural (56.06%) than urban areas (49.96%) of Imo state. Ascaris lumbricoides (28.73%) was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Hookworm (16.88%), Strongyloides stercoralis (14.50%), Entamoeba histolytica (12.11%), Schistosoma mansoni (10.29%), Trichuris trichiura (9.98%), Taenia species (7.34%), and Giardia lamblia (7.34%). Rural children showed significantly higher infection rates than their urban counterparts (p = 0.002). Out of a total of 2,304 children examined across urban and rural areas of Imo State, 777 (33.72%) had co-infections. Demographic analysis revealed that younger children and those in lower primary classes were more susceptible. The study revealed widespread soil contamination with intestinal parasites across all sampled locations in Imo State, with higher prevalence in rural areas. Of the 240 soil samples analyzed, 67.10% tested positive for at least one parasite, with Ascaris lumbricoides being the most common, followed by Hookworm and Trichuris trichiura. Orlu zone Rural showed the highest contamination rate, while Owerri zone urban had the lowest. Parasite ova were detected in all sampled sites, with toilet areas exhibiting the highest concentration, followed by classrooms and playgrounds. To effectively reduce the burden of intestinal parasitic infections among children, the study recommends improving sanitation and access to safe water, enhancing health education and public awareness, reinforcing school-based deworming programs, strengthening rural healthcare services, implementing environmental control policies, and ensuring continuous monitoring through epidemiological studies. This study contributes to knowledge by providing updated data on intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Imo State, Nigeria, while also identifying toilet areas as key transmission hotspots, thereby informing targeted, integrated control and sanitation interventions. 

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In Nigeria, water pollution is largely caused by municipal dumpsites, where leachates contaminate soil and release toxic substances. Industries, especially oil, gas, and petrochemical sectors, also contribute by discharging waste into the environment. This study examined the phenotypic and cytotoxic effects of textile industry effluents on the meristematic tissue of Allium cepa L. Samples were collected and analyzed for their impact on root tips over 24 to 120 hours in Lagos State. Results revealed a reduced mitotic index compared to the control group, though no chromosomal abnormalities were observed. Root growth was consistently greater in the control group (TW) compared to the experimental samples. The root lengths and total average lengths of marked roots were as follows: TW (1.06 ± 0.09a to 5.25 ± 0.92e and 76.50 ±18.80a to 121.06 ±23.71e), UEA (1.20 ± 0.32a to 1.58 ± 1.82e and 70.75 ±31.05a to 99.50 ±46.25e), UESF (1.16 ± 0.25a to 1.68 ± 2.05e and 65.00 ±8.44a to 85.00 ±11.75e), TEA (1.30 ± 0.32a to 3.23 ± 2.31e and 57.25 ±11.81a to 86.00 ±23.82e), and TESF (1.30 ± 0.36a to 3.53 ± 2.37e and 57.25 ±12.82a to 86.00 ±23.83e). The study showed minor cell damage, indicating the presence of toxic substances, useful for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.Top of Form  

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This study estimated the efficiency of rice farmers in Delta State, Nigeria, and also identified the key factors influencing their performance. It adopted a survey design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Primary data was collected from the farmers using a well-structured questionnaire. Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), Ordinary Least Squares regression(OLS) and Tobit regression model were used to realize the objectives. The results show that 43.1% of farmers, fall in the moderate-efficiency range (TE = 0.61–0.80), with a mean TE of 0.73,30.2% fall within the high-efficiency range (TE ≥ 0.81) with a mean TE score of 0.92. Meanwhile, 26.7% of the farmers are classified as severely inefficient (TE ≤ 0.60), with a mean TE of 0.48. The OLSregression analysis reveals that farm size, level of education, access to credit, extension contact, irrigation use and cooperative membership have positive and significant effects, while fertilizer application has a negative and significant impact on rice farming efficiency in the State. The model explains 57.2% of the variation (R2 = 0.572), with an F- statistics of 29.84 (p<0.001, indicating strong overall fit. The constraints faced by these farmers include high cost of inputs (28.9%), limited access to credit (22.2%),poor irrigation infrastructure (17.8%), pest and disease infestation(13%), and lack of modern farming equipment (11%). This study recommends policy interventions to enhance rice farming. Key suggestions include: subsidies for quality inputs, increased extension services, and promotion of machinery adoption through cooperatives or leasing schemes.

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This research examined the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Ziziphus nummularia extracts from different polarity solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). Qualitative screening tests revealed the presence of some bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and glycosides, while methanol and aqueous extracts had the richest profiles. Methanol extract gave the highest yields for both total phenolic (101.58 mg/g gallic acid equivalents) and total flavonoids content (257.40 mg/g rutin equivalents); these values for the aqueous extract were lower but still significant (85.20 mg/g and 183.13 mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging tests, was dose dependent, with the highest activity being exhibited by methanol extract (91.78% DPPH inhibition at 100 µg/mL; IC?? = 14.05 µg/mL) and moderate activity noted for aqueous extract (50.35% inhibition; IC?? = 87.66 µg/mL). Ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts were less effective, reflecting their reduced polar phytochemical content. The results emphasize methanol as the best solvent for extracting potent antioxidant compounds from Z. nummularia, confirming its traditional medicinal applications and highlighting its potential in developing natural treatments for diseases related to oxidative stress.

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The trophic status of the shelf sediments of Bay of Bengal was assessed based on the biochemical and microbial variables. Total protein, total carbohydrate and total organic matter concentrations in the inner (< 100 m) and outer shelf (> 100 m) varied significantly (p < 0.05). Bacterial abundance and biomass were greater in the outer shelf regions.  Sediment ATP concentration used as a proxy for living microbial biomass varied regionally.  Accordingly, the measured biochemical and microbial variables clustered the shelf sediments into oligotrophic inner shelf (protein < 1.5 mg/g; PRT: CHO < 1) and eutrophic outer shelf (protein >1.5 mg/g; PRT: CHO > 1). The organically enriched sediments with high biopolymeric carbon and microbial biomass contributed to the eutrophic nature of the outer shelf. 

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Background: Hypertension is a major Health Condition that must be addressed in dialysis patients due to its Influence on Morbidity and Mortality. The study’s goal is to analyze and synthesize current research to systematically examine the impact of dialysis on patient outcomes, as well as to investigate the role of dialysis modality. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA standards and included 50 papers that looked at the connection between hypertension and dialysis outcomes, including Randomized Controlled Trials and observational studies. A Thorough search of Pub Med, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library yielded articles on Blood Pressure Management, Cardiovascular Morbidity (CVM), and all causes of Mortality in adult Dialysis patients. A random effects model was used to compute pooled effect estimates, and meta-regression analysis was carried out to assess the impact of dialysis modality, duration and comorbid conditions. Results: The Meta-Analysis proved that poorly managed Hypertension (Systolic BP>140mmHg) was linked to an elevated risk of CVM (OR =2.45, 95%Cl: 1.90-3.16, p<0.001) and all-cause Mortality ( HR=1.78, 95%Cl: 1.50-2.13, p<0.001). There were no Significant differences in hypertension-related outcomes between Haemodialysis (HD) and Peritoneal Dialysis, according to meta-regression. Longer duration of dialysis (≥5 years) was associated with an increased risk of poor adverse outcomes ( p=0.03 for cardiovascular morbidity and p=0.01 for mortality). Diabetes and obesity did not have a significant impact on the relationship between Hypertension and Patient outcome. Conclusion: In Dialysis Patients, Hypertension is a Significant modifiable risk factor with poorly managed blood pressure leading to poor cardiovascular and mortality outcomes. The Findings Emphasize the need for early and Vigorous Hypertension control, regardless of dialysis mode or co-morbidity. To Enhance the long-term Prognosis in this high-risk group, clinicians must focus on customized treatment options, with an emphasis on constant BP Management. Future research should clarify BP goals and Investigate targeted therapies for various patient populations.  

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Global concern over heavy metal contamination in vegetables is rising due to its adverse health effects. This article examines the sources, accumulation, and impacts of these contaminants, focusing on lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium, which primarily enter the body through ingestion of contaminated vegetables. Once absorbed, these metals deposit in tissues, displacing vital minerals and gradually causing various diseases.  While vegetables are essential for a balanced diet, they can become a health risk by absorbing heavy metals from polluted soil and water, the presence of which is increased by industrialisation, mining, and agriculture, in addition to natural sources like volcanic activity and dust.   This review investigates the impact of heavy metal toxicity in vegetables on human health, emphasising contamination sources and potential hazards. It also highlights the need for strategies and policies to manage this contamination and identify vegetables prone to high accumulation to raise awareness and implement necessary precautions.     

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Since the turn of the millennium, the field of oral microbiology has witnessed remarkable advancements, shedding light on the pivotal role of microorganisms in the oral cavity and their complex interactions in maintaining the balance between health and disease. Understanding the composition and functional dynamics of these microbial communities in both healthy and diseased states has become a central focus in oral microbiology, especially given their significant influence on systemic health. The oral microbiome is intricately linked to various systemic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and malignancies like oral cancer. Furthermore, lifestyle factors—including tobacco use, alcohol consumption and dietary choices—profoundly shape the oral microbial environment, often tipping the balance toward dysbiosis and disease. The oral and gastrointestinal systems are closely interconnected, as evidenced by the daily ingestion of saliva, which facilitates a continuous exchange between oral and gut microbiota, further influencing overall health. Recent innovations, such as probiotic-based oral care products, aim to restore and maintain this delicate microbial equilibrium, underscoring the importance of fostering a symbiotic relationship within the oral cavity. This review integrates these emerging insights, highlighting the complex interplay between the oral microbiome, oral and systemic health, lifestyle factors and therapeutic advancements.  

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Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), emphasizing its pathophysiology, historical and contemporary treatment strategies, and emerging therapeutic interventions aimed at improving neonatal outcomes. Methods: A thorough literature review was conducted, examining historical milestones, clinical guidelines, and recent advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of HDN. Key areas explored include immunoprophylaxis, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic innovations, and global health considerations, particularly in low-resource settings. Results: The review highlights the evolution of HDN management from symptomatic approaches such as exchange transfusions and phototherapy to more advanced interventions including intrauterine transfusions and anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. Modern practices incorporate non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), fetal Doppler ultrasonography, and immunomodulatory therapies. Emerging treatments, including complement inhibitors, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, monoclonal antibodies, and gene-editing technologies, demonstrate potential for more targeted and personalized care. Conclusion: HDN remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in regions with limited healthcare resources. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and continued research into innovative, minimally invasive, and cost-effective therapies are essential for reducing the global burden of the disease and improving neonatal outcomes.  

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Background: Suxamethonium, a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, has traditionally been the agent of choice for rapid sequence induction due to its rapid onset and short duration. However, its adverse effects, including myalgia, bradycardia, hyperkalemia, and malignant hyperthermia, necessitate safer alternatives. Rocuronium, a non-depolarizing agent with a comparatively rapid onset and longer duration, is being increasingly considered in clinical practice. Objective: To compare Rocuronium and Suxamethonium with respect to intubating conditions, onset and duration of neuromuscular blockade, hemodynamic responses, and side effect profile in adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: Eighty ASA I/II patients aged 18–60 years were randomly assigned to receive Rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) or Suxamethonium (1.5 mg/kg) following standardized premedication and induction. Intubating conditions were evaluated at 60 seconds using the Cooper score. Hemodynamic parameters and side effects were recorded and analysed. Results: Excellent intubating conditions were achieved in 82.5% of patients in the Suxamethonium group and 60% in the Rocuronium group (p<0.05). However, the proportion of clinically acceptable intubating conditions (excellent + good) was not significantly different between the groups (92.5% vs. 82.5%, p>0.05). Onset of action was significantly faster with Suxamethonium (59.05 ± 7.48 sec) compared to Rocuronium (81.07 ± 17.41 sec; p<0.001), whereas Rocuronium exhibited a longer duration of action (25.42 ± 5.90 min vs. 9.77 ± 2.47 min; p<0.001). Heart rate and diastolic pressure were significantly higher in the Suxamethonium group at multiple time points (p<0.05). The incidence of side effects was greater in the Suxamethonium group (20%) than in the Rocuronium group (2.5%; p<0.05), with myalgia and sore throat being the most common. Conclusion: Rocuronium, while slightly slower in onset, provides comparable intubating conditions, better hemodynamic stability, and fewer adverse effects, making it a viable and safer alternative to Suxamethonium in routine elective surgeries.  

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Background: Epidural labour analgesia is the gold standard for providing effective pain relief during childbirth. While bupivacaine is commonly used, adjuvants like clonidine may enhance its efficacy without the side effects of opioids. This study compares the efficacy and safety of 0.125% bupivacaine alone versus in combination with 60 mcg clonidine for epidural labour analgesia. Methods: In this prospective, randomized comparative study, 100 term parturients (ASA I/II) were divided into two equal groups. Group A received 0.125% bupivacaine alone, while Group B received 0.125% bupivacaine with 60 mcg clonidine. Parameters evaluated included onset and duration of analgesia, number of top-up doses, hemodynamic changes, sedation, ambulation, mode of delivery, maternal satisfaction, neonatal Apgar scores, and side effects. Results: The onset of analgesia was similar between Group A (9.94 ± 1.01 min) and Group B (9.7 ± 8.14 min) (p = 0.196). Duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group B (102.88 ± 12.4 min) compared to Group A (46.36 ± 11.92 min) (p < 0.05). Group B also required fewer top-ups (only 2% needed 3 top-ups) versus Group A (48%) (p < 0.05). Two-segment regression time was longer in Group B (108.86 ± 12.3 min) than Group A (50.92 ± 12.62 min). Mild sedation was observed in 40% of Group B. Hemodynamic parameters were stable, with some significant differences in systolic BP and heart rate favoring Group A. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were comparable. Maternal satisfaction was higher in Group B (44% rated “excellent”) versus Group A (22%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Clonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine provides prolonged analgesia, reduces top-up needs, and improves maternal satisfaction without adverse maternal or neonatal effects.  

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Background: Laparoscopic hysterectomy, though minimally invasive, often results in significant postoperative pain due to visceral and incisional components. The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has emerged as a promising regional anesthesia technique for improving perioperative analgesia and reducing opioid consumption. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided TAP block using 0.25% bupivacaine in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy in terms of perioperative fentanyl consumption, hemodynamic stability, pain scores, and side effects. Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled 72 ASA I–II female patients (aged 18–65 years), scheduled for elective laparoscopic hysterectomy. They were allocated into two equal groups (n=36): Group 1 received standard general anesthesia, while Group 2 received bilateral TAP block (20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine per side) post-induction. Intraoperative vitals, end-tidal CO?, oxygen saturation, and total fentanyl requirements were monitored. Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and sedation was monitored for 24 hours. Rescue analgesia with fentanyl was administered when VAS ≥ 4. Results: Group 2 demonstrated significantly lower intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl requirements (median top-ups: intraop 0 vs 2, postop 1 vs 4; p<0.001). Intraoperative hemodynamics were more stable in Group 2, with significantly lower pulse rate and mean arterial pressure from 20 to 120 minutes post-induction (p<0.001). VAS scores were consistently lower in Group 2 throughout 24 hours (p<0.05), with higher patient comfort and reduced incidence of nausea and vomiting (13.9% vs 33.3%). No block-related complications were reported. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided TAP block with bupivacaine is a safe and effective technique for perioperative analgesia in laparoscopic hysterectomy. It significantly reduces opioid consumption, improves intraoperative hemodynamic stability, and provides superior postoperative pain control without notable adverse effects.

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Problem: Understanding the intricate interactions between yield, morphophysiological, and quality variables is critical for developing effective selection techniques in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. Approach: This two-year study (2023-2025) investigated these connections by evaluating 43 different wheat genotypes in ideal (Talwandi Sabo, 2023-24) and late-sown heat stress (Ongole, 2024-25) field conditions, with quality attributes assessed through laboratory analysis. Correlation coefficient analysis and path analysis were used to assess the nature and magnitude of relationships, as well as the direct and indirect contributions to grain yield and quality. Findings: All of the investigated traits showed significant genotypic variance. Under ideal conditions, grain yield per plot had a high positive genotypic correlation with biological yield per plot (rg =0.833**) and test weight (rg =0.213**), with biological yield per plot having a very substantial positive direct effect (1.3183) on grain yield. In contrast, days to maturity exhibited a high negative genotypic connection with yield (rg = -0.523**). Under heat stress, grain yield per plot was strongly and positively correlated with the number of grains per spike (rg =0.802**), grain weight per spike (rg =0.803**), and grain yield per plant (rg =0.733**); path analysis revealed that grain weight per spike had the largest positive direct effect (2.5916) on yield under these conditions. Protein content had a limited direct link with grain yield but was impacted by other morpho-physiological variables. Seedling dry weight, a measure of early vigor, had a substantial positive relationship with eventual plant biomass. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that qualities such as biological yield and test weight are important for selection under ideal conditions, but spike components (grains per spike, grain weight per spike) and effective heat escape mechanisms (e.g., improved phenology) are vital under heat stress. Path analysis successfully identified features having the greatest direct influence on production.  

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Rice is the staple food crop for more than half of the world’s population. Majority of the population of India is highly dependent on the production of rice. Most of the rice producing states of India suffer heavy rainfall during the monsoon season especially the North-Eastern states such as Assam. Generally, the traditional rice varieties cannot withstand the adverse effects caused by prolonged submerged conditions caused by flood. But most of the deep water rice varieties show even better growth in submerged conditions.  DWR is also bestowed with a multitude of nutrients, minerals and anti-oxidants which make it a desirable food crop. However during sowing period, a protracted water logged condition may kill the seedlings. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the germination percentage of different DWR varieties in aerobic condition and anaerobic conditions and to compare the growth of the seedlings in both the conditions. The study revealed that Kola bao, Sonjul, Ikora, Rangadhar kekowa, Adoliya, Borehha, Amona and Biria bhonga bao showed 100% germination in aerobic condition. However, in case of anaerobic condition, Maguri showed the highest germination percentage. DWR is only rice variety that can be grown in the areas inundated by flood and serve as a subsistence crop for the locals. 

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Some studies have reported using sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide (SS/SH) with low calcium fly ash to develop inorganic polymer concrete or mortar. However, little in-depth analysis of setting time and mechanical properties has been reported.This study investigates the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (SS/SH) ratio, and curing temperature on fly ash-based geopolymer mortar's setting time and compressive strength. Twenty mix designs were evaluated with NaOH concentrations ranging from 8M to 16M, SS/SH ratios from 1.5 to 3.0, and curing temperatures of 30°C, 60°C, and 90°C. The standard consistency was determined to be 28%. Experimental results indicated that increasing NaOH concentration from 8M to 14M generally enhanced compressive strength, attaining 38.85 N/mm2 at 28 days with an SS/SH ratio of 2.0 cured at 90°C. However, concentrations above 14M resulted in reduced strength. The SS/SH ratio improved strength up to an optimal point of 2.0, beyond which a decline was observed. Higher curing temperatures significantly accelerated setting times, with initial setting times recorded at 317 minutes for a 14M NaOH solution at an SS/SH ratio of 1.5 at 30°C, compared to rapid polymerization at 90°C. These findings contribute to understanding geopolymerization processes, increasing the use of recycled materials in construction projects, and encouraging the adoption of low-carbon cement alternatives. Significance Statement: This study investigates the effects of the ratio of sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide (SS/SH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution concentration, and curing temperature on fly ash-based inorganic polymer mortar'ssetting time and compressive strength.  

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Background: Survival and quality of life for children with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) have improved over the last few decades due to different interventional strategies. However, primary prevention is the next barrier to be surmounted. Objectives: The present study is aimed at determining the risk factors of CHDs, their associations and comparison with those without CHD. Methods: The case-control study was conducted over a period of 12 months on 208 children aged 1 month to 60 months (case and control =1:1). Children diagnosed with CHDs by echocardiography were included in the study as cases. Controls (age and gender matched) were selected from the well-baby and immunization clinic. A univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find out the necessary associations. A P-value of <0.05 was set asstatistically significant. Results: 85.58% of the cases were acyanotic CHDs, and the rest were cyanotic CHDs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that advanced paternal age (≥30 yrs.) (OR: 2.52, 95% CL: 1.155–5.510), no intake of iron folic acid (IFA) antenatally (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.112–6.155), and higher birth order (?2) (OR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.176–8.132) were independently associated with increased risk of CHDs and was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present research concludes that a higher birth order, advanced paternal age, and no IFA intake have been independently associated to an increased risk of CHDs.There is a dearth of information in the present area of study regarding the risk factors of CHDs. This study may serve as a baseline data to compare and follow for further research. A better glimpse on the associations of possible risk factors with CHDs will lead to better primary prevention and reduction in the burden of the disease.  

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This study evaluates the impact of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseeds) and Salvia hispanica (chia seeds) supplementation on oxidative stress markers and selected biochemical indices in Wistar rats exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG). The experimental design comprised 48 adult wistar rats distributed into seven groups, including a Normal Control (Group A), a monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated group (Group B), 15 mg/kg MSG +20% chia seed (Group C), 15 mg/kg MSG +20% flax seed (Group D), 15 mg/kg MSG +40% chia seed (Group E), 15 mg/kg MSG +40% flax seed (Group F), and 15 mg/kg MSG +20% chia and flax seed (Group G). The rats were kept and received treatment for 28 days, after which they were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for evaluations using the standard methods. Parameters assessed included lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT), lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein), and liver function tests (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP)). MSG exposure significantly disrupted lipid metabolism and liver function, evidenced by elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and liver enzymes, alongside decreased HDL, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and altered MDA levels (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of chia and flax seeds, particularly at 40% concentrations and in combination, significantly reversed these effects by lowering lipid and liver enzyme levels, reducing MDA concentrations, and enhancing SOD and CAT activities (P < 0.05). The combined seed diet showed the greatest improvement in oxidative stress markers and antioxidant capacity, suggesting a potentiated protective effect.These findings highlight the potential of chia and flax seeds as functional food ingredients with hepatoprotective, antilipidemic, and antioxidant properties capable of mitigating MSG-induced oxidative damage and metabolic disturbances.

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Sericulture plays a crucial role in the socio-economic fabric of Assam, supporting rural livelihoods and contributing to the region's silk industry. However, its sustainability is challenged by a generational decline in participation. This study examines intergenerational perspectives on sericulture by analysing the willingness of sericulture farmers and their children to continue the practice. Data were collected from 150 farmers across major silk-producing districts in Assam using a semi-structured interview schedule. Statistical analysis, including binomial and Chi-square tests, revealed a significant generational gap, with 79.33 percent of farmers wanting their children to continue sericulture, while only 40.00 percent of the younger generation expressed interest. The findings highlight economic constraints, labour intensity, and lack of policy support as major deterrents for youth participation in sericulture. Strengthening market linkages, financial incentives, and mechanization are essential to ensure sericulture's sustainability. This study provides policy recommendations to bridge the generational gap and revitalize Assam’s sericulture sector.

ABSTRACT
Rice serves as the primary food source in many regions of North Eastern and Southern India. Consequently, the population of North East India, particularly in Assam, relies heavily on rice farming and its yield. However, the state of Assam faces significant challenges due to flooding during the monsoon season. Majority of rice varieties cannot withstand the stress caused by prolonged submergence. As a result, farmers are limited to cultivating deep water rice varieties during this period. Their exceptional tolerance to water stress has become a significant area of interest. The unique ability of elongation and kneeing of the stem helps the plant to survive through submergence and carry out all the necessary metabolism to keep the plant alive. Apart from its submergence tolerance property, it is also rich in essential minerals, vitamins, proteins, and antioxidants. However, its yield is lower compared to conventional rice varieties. Few breeding initiatives have produced some cultivars that are now recommended for agricultural use. But not much effort has been made to elevate the productivity of the landraces. Therefore, there is an increasing necessity for biofortification and enhancing the productivity of deep water rice in recent times. Conservationists have implemented various strategies to preserve the germplasm of deep water rice cultivars.  

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Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), emphasizing its pathophysiology, historical and contemporary treatment strategies, and emerging therapeutic interventions aimed at improving neonatal outcomes. Methods: A thorough literature review was conducted, examining historical milestones, clinical guidelines, and recent advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of HDN. Key areas explored include immunoprophylaxis, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic innovations, and global health considerations, particularly in low-resource settings. Results: The review highlights the evolution of HDN management from symptomatic approaches such as exchange transfusions and phototherapy to more advanced interventions including intrauterine transfusions and anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis. Modern practices incorporate non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), fetal Doppler ultrasonography, and immunomodulatory therapies. Emerging treatments, including complement inhibitors, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, monoclonal antibodies, and gene-editing technologies, demonstrate potential for more targeted and personalized care. Conclusion: HDN remains a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in regions with limited healthcare resources. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and continued research into innovative, minimally invasive, and cost-effective therapies are essential for reducing the global burden of the disease and improving neonatal outcomes.