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The rising prevalence of adolescent obesity poses significant health risks, necessitating innovative dietary interventions. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a sprouted millet-based instant mix to alleviate obesity and promote health among adolescents aged 13–19 years. The intervention involved formulating a nutrient-dense instant mix, standardizing its composition, conducting sensory evaluation, and assessing its efficacy through a 3-month supplementation trial with 60 obese adolescents (30 boys, 30 girls). Evaluation was carried out by taking Anthropometric measurements. Nutrient profile as well as microbial analysis were performed to see the efficacy of mix. Results demonstrated significant reductions in body weight and BMI, improved nutritional status and high sensory acceptability. Microbial analysis confirmed the mix’s stability for three months. The sprouted millet-based instant mix offers a culturally relevant, effective and sustainable solution to address adolescent obesity.

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Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays a crucial role in maternal health, foetal development, and lactation. Deficiency in vitamin D is a global health concern, affecting pregnant women and neonates, with implications for bone health, immune regulation, and metabolic function. Emerging research links insufficient vitamin D levels to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth, as well as neonatal complications such as low birth weight, impaired skeletal development, and increased risk of chronic diseases. Supplementation has shown promise in reducing these risks. Additionally, vitamin D is essential during lactation, supporting maternal recovery and infant growth. This review synthesizes current knowledge on vitamin D’s biological roles, risks of deficiency, and clinical relevance in pregnancy, neonatal development, and lactation.

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The present article discusses the effectiveness of the green synthesis method in the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Cassia angustifolia leaves. They enabled the investigation of the interactions of variables by the use of the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design. Characterization was carried out by UV-Vis, DRS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDAX. The UV-Vis had a blue-shifted absorption peak at -400 nm. According to TEM and SEM, CuO NPs had a diameter of 20-62.5 nm and were round-shaped. The zeta potential was -22.6 mV, the average hydrodynamic diameter was 111.65 nm, and it implies that the nanoparticles were well stabilized. EDX detected only the existence of copper elements. Optimal synthesis occurred at 60°C and 7932 rpm. As it is indicated by the findings, the stable and crystalline CuO NPs have been green-synthesized, which can offer safer and more sustainable alteration of the conventional process.  

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Rice cultivation in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India were under serious threat to two major disease namely rice blast caused by Magnaporthegrisea and brown spot of rice caused by Helminthosporiumoryzae.  Documentation of these two disease carried out in 30 locations of Madurai along with Geo positioning System for precise location of disease occurrence. Three different disease spreading patterns observed.  Resistant varieties ofKarnataka Ponni, Super Ponni, ADT 36, ASD 16 , and ASD 19  both blast and brown spot of rice were found to be affected severely. In vivo attempt was made to control these disease with Pseudomonos species.  The alarming study definitely gains a greater importance to rice resistant breeders. This pilot study would be extended to field study in future.  

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Pest insects significantly impair and devastate the world's agriculture, yet the major method used to manage them by using chemical insecticides which are extremely damaging to both human health and the environment. End ophytes are abundant sources of secondary metabolites with biologically active properties that have the potential to be effective biocontrol agents. To isolate endophytic fungi Colletotrichum falcatum (OQ553930)from medicinal plant Mukia maderaspatana(L.) Roem. The Colletotrichum falcatum (OQ553930) ethyl acetate extract was extracted and analysed for TLC and Phytochemical analysis. The extracts were applied to Spodoptera litura using residual film and dipping methods. The results demonstrated that the larval mortality in the dipping method increased by a percentage as 85%, 65%, and 25% when the extract concentration was increased (1mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml), whereas the larval mortality in the residual film method showed the mortality percentage as 20%, 12%, 7% when the same extract concentration was maintained. Therefore, Colletotrichum falcatum (OQ553930) ethyl acetate extract can be used as an alternative to chemical insecticides to control Spodoptera littoralisand possibly other lepidopterans. This could be a significant contribution to integrated pest management strategies.

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Fungi invading objects containing cellulose are called cellulolytic fungi. These fungi produce “cellulolytic enzymes or cellulases”, which decompose cellulose (a polysaccharide) into first oligosaccharide and then monosaccharides, and ultimately to glucose molecules. Chaetomium globosum (Kunze)is reported to be a destructive cellulolytic fungus causing damage to our cultural heritage of library books, monuments, paintings, archival materials etc. In the present investigation, diversity of C. globosum in different library books of District - Gorakhpur (located in North- Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India) has been studied. Cellulase activity of C. globosumisolated and cultured has been assayed using Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) Agar medium technique. Gram’s iodine solution is used as indicator. The Enzyme Index of C.globosum has been reported as 3.6, which shows that it is industrially important fungus, which may be exploited for the production of cellulase enzyme at industrial level. Therefore, this research work strongly supports the concept that screening of cellulase producing ability of C. globosum and other microorganisms is very important.

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Oral microrganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoa are associated with various oral diseases.When the bacterial molecules adsorb onto the tooth surface a so-called acquired film is formed called biofilm.From the nidus bacteria and bacterial products are propogated to distant parts to cause disease in these organ systems. Streptococcus mutans is a gram positive facultative anaerobic bacterium belonging to a group of mutans streptococci which consists of S.sobrinus and several other species.S. mutans species members also have adhesins on their surface that help mediate binding to salivary glycoproteins and bacteria derived salivary components. S mutans is actively associated with dental caries.Search Strategy: Medline, Pubmed, Ebsco, Google Scholar were searched using the following terms in different combinations. Oral microflora, S.mutans, .microbiome, virulence, adhesins, pathogenicity  

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Problem: Multifarious odor detection through olfaction is one of the vital processes that regulates observable behaviors together with physiological functions in fish. The aquatic environment accommodates a vast range of olfactory cues, among which free amino acids are very common. Moreover, polyamines, which are products of amino acid decarboxylation, constitutes another important class of odors. Discernment of certain responses against these important odor molecules may enable the advancement of aquatic feed preparation facilitating fish growth. Approach: The behavioral response of L. rohita against L-amino acids of different nature was analyzed. These responses were compared with the responses against two biologically pertinent polyamines. The dose dependent responses were also discussed among four successive polyamine doses. This behavioral study was further followed by neuronal activity dependent labelling of olfactory epithelium using immune ofluorescence method. Findings: The findings suggest putrescine and spermidine as potent olfactory stimulator as well as attractant for this L. rohita. Among L -amino acids, arginine exhibited a well pronounced behavioral response, although a more positive behavioral approach was found for both the environmentally relevant biogenic amines relative to L-amino acids. This is supported by the concomitant number of c-FOS immune positive cells found on olfactory rosette upon application of these stimuli. Conclusion: The behavioral response of L. rohita was highest at the dose of 10-5 M for both putrescine and spermidine. Neuronal activity dependent labelling after exposure to differential polyamine doses revealed maximum p-ERK labelled cells in olfactory epithelium at the dose of 10-4 for both the diamines. Thus, L. rohita show attractive behavioral approach for both the polyamines. Future research on feeding behavior against these polyamines added diet will pave the path for sustainable aquaculture growth.  

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As academic libraries evolve into holistic learning environments, there is growing interest in how biophilic elements such as indoor plants can enhance student well-being, academic focus, and comfort. While the psychological benefits of greenery are increasingly acknowledged, empirical studies focusing on student preferences for plant integration in library settings, especially in developing countries, remain limited.This study investigates university students' preferences regarding the type, placement, and perceived impact of indoor plants in academic library spaces. It also explores differences in preferences and concerns across public, private, and national universities in Bangladesh.A quantitative survey was conducted with 274 university students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS, with descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis H and Dunn’s post hoc) used to assess differences across institutional types.Students overwhelmingly supported the presence of indoor plants, citing improved aesthetics, stress reduction, and enhanced concentration. Preferences favored small, low-maintenance plants placed near reading areas. Significant differences were observed across university types: national university students expressed stronger preferences and greater concerns about space, cost, and maintenance. Challenges identified included allergy risks, space limitations, pest issues, and budget constraints.This study contributes new insights to biophilic design theory in educational settings by highlighting how student preferences are shaped by institutional context. It provides actionable recommendations for academic library planners and emphasizes the need for tailored, resource-sensitive greening strategies. The findings are especially relevant for universities in resource-constrained regions seeking to balance well-being with practical design considerations.  

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Class imbalance is a critical challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), where the uneven distribution of class labels often results in biased models and reduced predictive performance. This issue becomes more pronounced in sensitive applications such as healthcare diagnostics, fraud detection, cybersecurity, and autonomous systems, where minority class instances often represent rare but highly significant events. This study explores the theoretical foundations of class imbalance. It also reviews a range of strategies for addressing imbalance, including data-level approaches (undersampling, oversampling, SMOTE and its variants), algorithm-level techniques (cost-sensitive learning, threshold), and advanced frameworks such as RESMOTE  and ASEB. Furthermore, the role of deep learning in tackling imbalance is examined, with a focus on transfer learning, attention mechanisms, and data augmentation for improving minority class recognition. Comparative analyses across different domains demonstrate how imbalance handling improves recall, precision, and generalization, though challenges remain in high-stakes areas like medical prediction and rare event detection. The findings emphasize that no single solution is universally optimal; instead, domain-specific, hybrid, and context-aware methods provide the most effective outcomes. This work contributes to the growing understanding of imbalance-handling methodologies and underscores the need for continuous research to build fair, reliable, and application-ready AI systems

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In situ hybridization (ISH) has long been an indispensable molecular technique for visualizing nucleic acids within their native cellular or tissue environments. By employing complementary probes that specifically bind DNA or RNA sequences, ISH enables precise detection of genetic material with chromogenic or fluorescent readouts. Recent advances, such as the hybridization chain reaction (HCR), have significantly improved the sensitivity and resolution of ISH, permitting robust analysis of low-abundance targets. Parallel to these developments, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a transformative gene-editing platform capable of inducing targeted double-stranded DNA breaks and facilitating either gene disruption or precise repair. Together, these two technologies hold great promise for advancing both fundamental research and therapeutic applications.To fully realize CRISPR’s potential, however, efficient and safe delivery strategies remain essential. Conventional vectors such as plasmid DNA, mrna, and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes face limitations including instability, inefficient uptake, and risks of off-target activity. To address these barriers, nanocarrier systems—particularly nanosponges and hydrogels—have been investigated as versatile delivery vehicles. Nanosponges, with their porous three-dimensional architecture, enable encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, offering controlled release and enhanced stability. Their biocompatibility and tunable properties make them attractive for encapsulating CRISPR/Cas9 components and protecting them from enzymatic degradation. Hydrogels, by contrast, provide an injectable, tissue-like platform capable of forming in situ and sustaining localized release of gene-editing complexes. Their structural versatility allows fine-tuning of mesh size, degradation kinetics, and swelling behavior, all of which influence CRISPR delivery efficiency. The integration of ISH, HCR, CRISPR/Cas9, nanosponges, and hydrogels represents a convergence of diagnostic precision with therapeutic innovation. ISH and HCR provide molecular tools for spatial mapping and sensitive detection of nucleic acids, while CRISPR/Cas9 delivers unparalleled editing precision. Embedding these tools within nanosponge and hydrogel carriers creates multifunctional systems capable of both localized imaging and gene modulation. This synergy opens new avenues in oncology, regenerative medicine, and infectious disease treatment, marking a significant step toward safe, efficient, and clinically translatable gene therapy.  

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Arsenic, a metalloid that is present in the water, soil, rock, living organisms and atmosphere. Arsenic becomes free in the environment through the natural (erosion, biological, weathering and volcanic activity) and anthropogenic (mining, combustion of fossil fuels, agriculture and wood preservation) activities. Although anthropogenic activities cause local problems and the most severe environmental problems are caused by the mobilization of arsenic under ordinary conditions. High arsenic concentrations occur naturally in groundwater at certain places and result in serious health issues when this groundwater is supplied as drinking water. The present work describes a comprehensive analysis of the contamination of arsenic in groundwater within the Meerut district of Western Uttar Pradesh, India.  

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This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical analysis and pharmacognostic evaluation of three medicinal plants from the Acanthaceae family abundantly found in North Bihar, India - Adhatoda vasica, Andrographis paniculata, and Hygrophila auriculata. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of leaves were examined. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, and moisture content were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed on different solvent extracts. HPLC analysis was carried out to identify and quantify major bioactive compounds. The pharmacognostic features provide useful information for authentication and standardization of these plant materials. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and other constituents. HPLC confirmed the presence of vasicine in A. vasica, andrographolide in A. paniculata, and lupeol in H. auriculata as major compounds. The free radical scavenging potential of crude extracts were also examined and significant scavenging activity exhibited by these plants confirms their antioxidant potential. The abundance of phytochemical compounds indicates that these plants contain high levels of medicinal compounds which acts synergistically and can be widely utilized for the extraction of natural compounds. This study provides valuable data to establish quality control parameters for these important medicinal plants of the Acanthaceae family.

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Histological changes in liver tissue of albino mice Mus musculus was studied   using Transmission electron microscopy. Liver is the largest gland in the body. The liver Neutralizes and breaks down toxins, drugs, alcohol, and metabolicwastes. It Converts harmful substances (like ammonia, alcohol, and medications) into less toxic compounds for elimination. FRD was prepared by using Edible coconut oil and vanaspati ghee mixture in the ratio of 2:3 respectively and it was administrated at a dose of 10ml/kg body weight with normal chow diet for 30 days. Fresh wheatgrass juice in various dosages was administered.  This study used albino laboratory mice (Mus musculus), which were 40–50 days old and had an initial weight of 20–40 grams on average. The animals were divided into five groups. After 30 days of the experiment, FRD increases the amount of lipids that accumulate in the hepatocytes' cytoplasm and nucleus. However, following the administration of higher dosages of T. aestivum, there are notable alterations, including the elimination of lipid droplets from the nucleus and a decrease in the quantity of lipid droplets from the cytoplasm.  

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Accurate estimation of water spread in reservoirs is essential for effective water resource planning and management. This study focuses on the Veeranam Watershed in Tamil Nadu and demonstrates the application of geo-spatial technology—specifically, remote sensing and GIS—for computing the water spread area using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imagery. Spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified NDWI (MNDWI) were used to extract the water extent, and the results were validated through ground truthing using GPS-based field observations. A total of 55 ground control points were collected along the reservoir boundary and compared with the satellite-derived maps. The accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 91.3% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.87, indicating strong agreement between remote sensing outputs and field data. The study highlights the effectiveness of integrating ground truthing with geo-spatial techniques to enhance the accuracy and reliability of water spread computations, offering valuable insights for hydrological monitoring and watershed management.

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Koshi Region is a major tributary of the Ganga River which originates at an altitudeof 7,000 m in the Himalayas. Bihar is divided into three primary agro climatic zones based on soil type, precipitation, temperature and location. It is anticipated thatthe state has a total gross sowing area of 80.26 lakh ha and a total net sowing area of56.38 lakh ha. The percentage of land that is being farmed is 1.42%. Paddy, wheat,legumes, maize, potato, sugarcane, oil seeds, tobacco, and jute are the primaryagricultural products that are grown here. Rice, wheat, and maize are the three maintypes of main crops.Pest and food production are linked for centuries. In early nineteenth century pestcontrol done by biological methods. But later on pest control methods usingchemical such as pesticides provides farmer a tool which benefitted farmers & wholeworld.Post industrial revolution in the Europe & rapid growth in population in west compelledscientist to think about a different methods to enhance food production.There was no way that the 20thcentury population boomcould have happened. Without a corresponding rise in agricultural output.  Almostone-third of all food grown requires the use of pesticides. Without pesticides, foodoutput would drop by 78% for fruit, 54% for vegetables, and 32% for grains. As aresult, pesticides are essential for improving health and boosting production inagriculture across the globe.Because of the chemical compounds used in pesticides, they may beharmful to the environment as well as the species it is intended to kill. This includesbirds, fish, helpful insects, and non-target plants. Additionally, environmentalpollution occurs when pesticide contamination spreads from the intended plants.The poisoning of the environment and food supplies by such chemical residues hasnegative effects on human health. Moreover, pesticide use is influenced by climatechange-related variables, leading to increased pesticide consumption and pesticidecontamination.

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Problem: Alginate, a naturally occurring biopolymer with applications in food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and biotechnology, is traditionally produced by Azotobacter vinelandii. However, the natural production capacity of this bacterium remains low, posing a challenge for large-scale industrial extraction. Approach: To enhance alginate productivity, random mutagenesis was employed to induce genetic heterogeneity in A. vinelandii. Chemical mutagens were applied, generating diverse mutant strains. These mutants were evaluated through colony morphology, viscosity studies, and fermentation experiments to identify improved alginate producers. Findings: Several mutants demonstrated significantly higher alginate yields compared to the wild-type strain. Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed alterations in metabolic pathways, particularly those regulating precursor biosynthesis, polymerisation, and alginate secretion. Overexpression of key biosynthetic genes and redirection of carbon flux toward polysaccharide synthesis contributed to improved productivity. Conclusion: Random mutagenesis is shown to be an effective strategy for strain improvement in biopolymer production. The enhanced A. vinelandii mutants provide a promising platform for sustainable, large-scale microbial alginate production, offering economically viable solutions to meet the growing industrial demand for biopolymers.  

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Proximate analysis is an essential tool for evaluating the nutritional composition of food powders and blends, which are increasingly used in the development of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and functional foods. This study investigates the proximate composition of amylase-rich powders, seeds, nuts, beans, and leaf powders prepared from commonly consumed ingredients. Nutrients analyzed include energy, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, iron, and calcium. Results reveal that these powders provide significant amounts of macronutrients and essential micronutrients, with notable variation among groups. Seeds and nut powders showed the highest fat and protein concentrations, whereas leaf powders were rich sources of calcium and iron. Findings highlight their potential applications in combating nutrient deficiencies and in food product development

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This research investigates the combined use of fly ash and finely crushed waste glass in green concrete as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Seven concrete mixes were designed with varying replacement levels (0-30% fly ash and 0-20% glass). The study evaluated mechanical properties (compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength), durability (water absorption), and economic viability (material and life-cycle cost) at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The results show that Mix M3 (20% fly ash and 10% glass) yielded the best mechanical performance with a 28-day compressive strength of 42.3 MPa, superior tensile and flexural strength, the lowest water absorption (4.2%), and optimal cost-efficiency. The synergistic interaction between fly ash and glass enhanced particle packing, reduced porosity, and supported sustainability by minimizing cement usage. The findings affirm that appropriately proportioned industrial by-products can produce durable, eco-efficient, and structurally sound green concrete suitable for broad construction applications.  

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Problem: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is extensively used in industrial and consumer applications, but its leachates—rich in chemical additives such as phthalates and vinyl chloride monomers—pose potential health risks. While microplastic exposure is increasingly linked to gut microbiota disruption, the specific effects of PVC-derived leachates on probiotic microbes that maintain gut homeostasis remain poorly understood. Approach: PVC leachate was generated by UV-aging PVC in aqueous medium and chemically characterized via GC–MS. Probiotic strains—Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium longum—were exposed to varying concentrations of leachate (0.1–10%) under anaerobic conditions. Growth kinetics, colony counts, pH changes, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (acetate, propionate, butyrate), and oxidative stress responses (ROS assays) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Findings: PVC-derived leachates caused a clear dose-dependent inhibition of probiotic growth, with ≥ 50% reduction in CFU observed at ≥ 5% exposure. SCFA production significantly declined, particularly for butyrate and acetate, while ROS levels were markedly elevated, indicating oxidative stress. These results reveal disruption of both probiotic viability and their beneficial metabolic output. Conclusion: PVC leachates negatively impact probiotic gut bacteria by suppressing growth, reducing SCFA production, and inducing oxidative stress, thereby threatening microbial balance and gut health. These findings emphasize the need to include plastic-derived leachates in microbial toxicology assessments and encourage further in vivo studies to validate health implications and explore probiotic resilience strategies.  

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To examine the magnitude of water first-rate decline in the Ken River of Panna, this take a look at examined the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water, diagnosed capacity pollution assets, and clustered the tracking months with similar traits. Water samples have been collected in four wonderful seasons to assess temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) awareness, five-day biochemical oxygen call for (BOD), chemical oxygen call for (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), chloride ion (Cl) awareness, general alkalinity (TA), turbidity, overall dissolved solids (TDS) attention, general suspended solids (TSS) concentration, and overall hardness (TH) the use of widespread strategies. The analytical results revealed that 40% of water first-class indices have been inside the permissible limits counseled by way of different businesses, excluding EC, Cl concentration, TA, turbidity, DO attention, BOD, and COD in all seasons. Statistical analyses indicated that 52% of the contrasts were substantially exceptional at a ninety-five% self-assurance c programming language. The issue evaluation provided the exceptional healthy among the parameters, with four elements explaining 94.29% of the whole variance. TDS, BOD, COD, EC, turbidity, DO, and Cl had been particularly chargeable for pollutants loading and have been due to the full-size amount of commercial discharge and toxicological compounds. The cluster analysis showed the seasonal exchange in floor water great, which is commonly a trademark of pollutants from rainfall or different assets. However, the values of various physicochemical houses numerous with seasons, and the highest values of pollution were recorded within the wintry weather.  

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) remains a cornerstone of food security for over half of the world’s population, with South and Southeast Asia serving as its primary centers of production and consumption. Despite India’s significant contribution to global rice cultivation, regions such as Nagaland in the North Eastern Himalayas remain underexplored for their genetic diversity, even though they represent hotspots of traditional landraces. Understanding the extent of diversity within these landraces is crucial for breeding programs aimed at yield stability, pest resistance, and climate resilience. In this study, 18 upland rice genotypes collected from Nagaland were evaluated for genetic divergence using Mahalanobis’ D² statistics and grouped into four distinct clusters through Tocher’s method. Results indicated considerable inter-cluster variation, with maximum divergence observed between Cluster II and Cluster III, suggesting their potential use as parents in hybridization programs. Panicle weight and 100-seed weight contributed the most to total divergence, highlighting their importance in selection. These findings reaffirm the value of local landraces in breeding initiatives, especially in the face of climate variability, disease outbreaks, and rising demand for resilient crops. Incorporating such genetic diversity into breeding pipelines can accelerate the development of rice varieties with enhanced adaptability, productivity, and sustainability.

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After the population growth rate increases tremendously, alternative food sources are receiving much attention in this regard. Edible insects and edible freshwater mollusca species are accepted to be the best alternative food among the different tribal communities since time immemorial. They are revealed to be rich in different nutrient composition which can benefited the mankind to get nutritious food to a great extent in India. They also plays significant role in treating different deadly diseases like cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, inflammation and many other. Edible insects of northeastern region have been reported to be rich in different bioactive compounds and are having antioxidants properties because of which they play an essential role in preventing deadly diseases. Several species of Mollusca are considered as highly nutritive and a good alternative source of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Thus, it can be represented that the edible insect species and molluscs present in this region to be the most preferred and the cheapest source of nutrients i.e carbohydrate, lipid and minerals. It is pretty clear that these two cheapest alternative food sources are available in northeastern region and have the ability to combat against malnutrition and under nourishment to a great extent.  

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North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India has rich biodiversity of plants.Cercospora Fres. is a phytopathogenic fungus causing diseases in different plants of economic importance. In the present investigation, during survey of villages and forests of Gorakhpurdistrict, three phytopathogenic species of Cercospora have been collected and reported -Cercospora achyranthina, C. cocciniae and C. papaya, infecting three medicinally important plants -Achyranthes aspera, Coccinia grandis and Carica papaya. Morpho-taxonomy of these three species of Cercospora including camera lucida drawings have been done. Phyto-pathological investigations have also been performed including reductions in photosynthetic areas of leaves. It is concluded that these Cercospora species affect the productivity as well as medicinal properties of these medicinally important plants.  

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Oil pollution remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, leading to ecological damage and loss of livelihoods. Bioremediation, specifically nutrient amendment (biostimulation), offers a low-cost, eco-friendly alternative to conventional remediation methods. This study used a mesocosm simulation to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen sources on petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. Soils collected from three oil-impacted Niger Delta communities were artificially contaminated with diesel and treated with nitrogen amendments. Results showed that ammonium enhanced rapid hydrocarbon breakdown, while organic nitrogen sustained the highest microbial proliferation and long-term nutrient availability. Regression analysis confirmed strong positive correlations (r = 0.93–0.96) between nitrogen concentration and microbial activity. These findings demonstrate that nitrogen-based biostimulation can significantly accelerate remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils in tropical wetland ecosystems and provide evidence for field-scale application in the Niger Delta.

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Anemia remains a significant complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to cardiovascular morbidity, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Conventional therapies, including erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron supplementation, and blood transfusions, have improved outcomes but are limited by safety concerns, hyporesponsiveness, and incomplete correction of underlying pathophysiology. Advances in molecular understanding of erythropoiesis, iron regulation, and inflammation have catalyzed the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Among these, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) represent a paradigm shift, offering an oral, physiologically adaptive approach that enhances endogenous erythropoietin production, optimizes iron utilization, and mitigates inflammation-driven erythropoietic suppression. Emerging therapies targeting hepcidin, ferroportin, and inflammatory pathways, as well as gene-editing, stem cell, and small-molecule approaches, further expand the therapeutic landscape. Despite their promise, unresolved issues regarding long-term safety, cardiovascular risk, tumorigenic potential, and cost-effectiveness necessitate ongoing research. This review synthesizes current evidence on HIF-PHIs and other novel agents, explores their clinical integration, and highlights future directions toward a personalized, multimodal approach to CKD anemia management, aiming to transcend the limitations of ESA-based therapy and improve patient outcomes.  

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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is an emerging spectroscopic tool to detect and analysis of the functional groups of a chemical compound. Infrared rays are approached in this technique to vibrate the molecules at specific frequency point against their absorbance. Medicinal plants are giant repositories of secondary metabolites famous for pharmacological activities. Aristolochia Assamica D. Borah & T. V. Do, sp. nova is a notable ethnomedicinal plant from the North Eastern region of India of which different leaf extracts were endeavoured through FTIR analysis in the present study. Among the four distinct extracts based on polarity, aqueous and methanol extract yielded highest percentage of extraction. All the extracts possessed similarities in the frequency ranges absorbed by the phytoconstituents resulting the possible existence of alcohol, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aldehyde, aromatics, amines, nitro compound, ethers, halogen, sulphur, phosphorous, and fluorine compoundswhich may pave the wayfor further pharmacological researches.  

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of various parameters on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete produced using met kaolin and Costus lacerus (CL) bagasse ash. A mix model was developed as a function of curing age and temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, activator ratio, and bagasse ash using data from experiments. The model was then used to predict the compressive strength of concrete and compared to the measured compressive strength. The model was found to be effective in predicting compressive strength with an R2 value of 0.9667 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.353, indicating that 96.67% of the measured compressive strength was estimated by the model with 0.0235% error. Therefore, the predicted compressive can be used to predict the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete for the given mix proportions and curing conditions, and the efficient prediction of the compressive strength would save cost and energy required in performing the compressive strength test experimentally.

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Fasciolopsis buskii (Lankester, 1857) is a parasitic trematode, there have been reports of infections with this parasite from many countries of Southeast Asia. In India prevalence can reach up to 60% in the most affected areas, particularly in the southern and eastern regions, with reports of infections mainly concentrated in states like Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Meghalaya. Humans and pigs are susceptible to the neglected zoonotic disease ‘fasciolosisasis’ due to this foodborne intestinal trematode. It is essential to characterize appropriate antigens for diagnosing and immunising against parasite infections, as this may have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The MHC class molecules interact with almost every antigen, and activates specific regions. Astern-like red flags known as projected MHC binders are specific to certain antigens and stimulate a chemical reaction of the immune system to the parent antigen. As result, an immune response to just a tiny part of an antigen can be produced against the whole antigen. This concept has been employed in designing synthetic peptide and subunit vaccines against theF. buskii (Lankester, 1857) tegument antigen protein. In current study we predicted the primary structural properties of tegument antigen protein of Fasciolopsis buski using Uniport tool. Physicochemical properties, Secondary structure, amino acid composition and relative positions of the beta-strand and alpha-helix in the amino acid sequence of tegument protein also predicted by using EXPASY server. Immunoinformatics analysis of tegument protein from F. buskiiare important determinant for protection. Current study also projected the binding affinity of tegument antigen protein having 183 amino acids which shows the different conformers. The method also integrates prediction of peptide MHC class I binding, proteasomal C terminal cleavage and TAP transport efficacy of the tegument antigen protein. In this study, we explore the potential of antigen proteins to design a vaccine targetingF. buskii.

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Problem: The cellulase enzyme production by Trichoderma species was a major problem in bioethanol production through lignocellulosic biomass, as Trichoderma reesie produces low enzyme yield. Approach: The fungi were isolated from the soil samples from the sugarcane juice centre and dead and decaying plant wood. Screened for cellulase production and the most efficient strain was identified as Trichoderma reesei. To improve enzyme yield, strain improvement was carried out through protoplast fusion followed by sequential mutagenesis using UV radiation and EtBr treatment. Findings: Three stable strains (CMR1, CMR2, CMR3) were obtained. Among these, CMR3 strain shows the highest cellulase activity under SSF and SMF. On the 7th day of SSF, CMR3 recorded maximum activity 135±5.4 IU/g endoglucanase, 25±1.25 IU/g exoglucanase, and 45±2.3 IU/g β-glucosidase. On the 7th day of SMF, CMR3 strain recorded maximum activity 75±3.7IU/g endoglucanase,19±0.95 IU/g exoglucanase, and 34±1.7 IU/g β-glucosidase. Overall enzyme yield under SSF was 1.8-fold higher than SMF. Conclusion: The strain improvement trough protoplast fusion and sequential mutagenesis of Trichoderma reesie enhanced cellulase production the CMR3 strain produces high enzyme yield.

ABSTRACT
Alcohol is widely used in Nigeria across different industries, but its production is costly because it depends on commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and refined substrates. This study investigated the use of agro-wastes for alcohol production using an indigenous yeast strain, Candida tropicalis IDRI000028827, and compared its performance with S. cerevisiae under similar conditions. Agro-waste substrates were prepared from date palm, corn, sugarcane, pineapple, and banana (carbon sources), and from defatted groundnut, bambara nut waste, crayfish by-products, eggshell, and snail shell (nitrogen sources). The materials were dried, powdered, and subjected to fermentation under varying temperatures (15–40 °C) and pH values (4.0–7.0). Alcohol was distilled, quantified, and analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Antibacterial activity of the alcohol was tested against Staphylococcus aureus OPD001-1, Bacillus sp. FFOS, and Salmonella enterica strains 2011k-1440 and CFSANO27396.Results showed that S. cerevisiae produced higher yields (116.7%) under refined substrates, while C. tropicalis performed better on agro-wastes. Optimal yields were obtained from sugarcane bagasse (3.3% w/v) and bambara nut waste (3.1% w/v) at 25 °C and pH 5.5. Alcohol yield from C. tropicalis with agro waste (66.7% w/v) was significantly higher than from S. cerevisiae (15.3% w/v) (p < 0.05). GC–MS confirmed that C. tropicalis generated higher levels of methanol (5.63 ppm), ethanol (4.40 ppm), and propanol (3.15 ppm), compared with S. cerevisiae. The alcohol from C. tropicalis also showed stronger antibacterial activity (80–92%) than that from S. cerevisiae (35–58%).This study highlights C. tropicalis IDRI000028827 as a promising low-cost alternative for bio-alcohol production, with sugarcane bagasse and bambara nut waste serving as efficient, sustainable substrates.

ABSTRACT
Analysis of water quality is important criterion for evaluating suitability of water for drinking and irrigation. The present study investigates the seasonal dynamics of keyphysio-chemical parameters in the freshwater ecosystem of Pimpalgaon (Wakhaji) dam of Nagpur District, Maharashtra, India. Water samples were collected monthly from five distinct sites of dam between June 2023 to May2024.Thirteen standard parameters were assessed using APHA(1999,2017) guidelines including temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free CO2, alkalinity, chloride, phosphate, calcium, nitrate and biological oxygen demand (BOD). Results revealed clear seasonal patterns: DO ranged from 6.72 to 7.84 mg/L, BOD varied between 2.31to 3.1 mg/L and pH fluctuated from 6.94 to 7.72 while elevated.  The interplay of these parameters significantly influences aquatic productivity, nutrient cycling and biotic composition, particularly impacting distribution of zooplankton and ichthyofaunal assemblages. This study provides baseline data essential for ecological monitoring and future sustainable water resource management strategies and mitigate anthropogenic stressors affecting freshwater reservoir ecosystems.  

ABSTRACT
The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in emerging therapeutic modalities, including CAR-T cell therapy, mRNA-based therapeutics, and CRISPR/Cas gene editing, each revolutionizing treatment paradigms across oncology, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases. CAR-T therapies leverage engineered T cells for targeted cytotoxicity, while mRNA therapeutics enable rapid, transient protein expression for vaccination and personalized cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR/Cas systems provide precise genomic and transcriptomic editing, with next-generation approaches—base editing, prime editing, and epigenome modulation—offering enhanced specificity and therapeutic versatility. These modalities differ mechanistically yet exhibit complementary potential, particularly when integrated synergistically, as in CRISPR-enhanced CAR-T or mRNA-facilitated in vivo gene editing. Despite unprecedented promise, challenges remain, including off-target effects, ethical and regulatory considerations, manufacturing complexity, cost, and global accessibility. Advances in delivery technologies, artificial intelligence-driven target design, and interdisciplinary collaboration are critical to overcoming these barriers. Looking forward, the integration of cellular, nucleic acid, and genomic therapeutics is poised to redefine precision medicine, enabling highly personalized, curative interventions and shaping the next decade of translational innovation in healthcare.

ABSTRACT
Soil is the loose material on the earth’s surface, composed of a mixture of mineral particles, organic matter, air and water which supports plants life and also serves as a habitat for microorganisms but a bad soil has a poor drainage, compaction and nutrients deficiencies often leading to stunted plants growth, discoloration, presence of weeds and pathogens. Most soils in Nigeria have been subjected to different kinds of pollutants and untreated bakery effluents (UBE) have emerged as the major threatening factor to the quality of Nigerian agricultural soils. This study was carried out to X-ray the effects of UBE on the soil microbiological characteristics. UBE samples were collected from five major bakery factories (B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5) in Delta State, Nigeria, and these samples were analyzed for microbiological properties using instrumentation and gravimetric techniques. Standard plate technique, morphological and biochemical characteristics were employed for the microbial analysis. UBEs showed pronounced inhibitory activities against the microbes, of which UBE B4 showed the highest activities against the microbes. There were increase in heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, Lead) and decrease in nutritive (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) values of Zea mays seeds harvested from UBE polluted sites, and these were significant (P<0.05) in 100L/9m2 UBE-polluted sites. This study has suggests that the microbiological properties and number of soil nutrient cycling microbes were significantly reduced, but the heavy metals levels increased in UBE-polluted sites, mostly in some polluted site.  

ABSTRACT
In the Indian subcontinent, aquatic insects are a source of sustainable nutrition and ecological value that has not been fully explored but holds great potential. Entomophagy, often known as the consumption of insects, has been a feature of indigenous cultures for ages, particularly among the indigenous populations that are located in the Northeast. Given the growing worries over food security, the destruction of the environment, and the increasing need for alternative proteins, aquatic insects provide a solution that is not only natural but also environmentally benign and rich in nutrients. This study intends to synthesise the available secondary literature on the nutritional content, ecological relevance, and potential for sustainability of edible aquatic insects. Additionally, the report will identify important research gaps, policy difficulties, and future prospects. Additionally, secondary data were gathered from open-access journal articles, FAO reports, ICAR publications, and reputable digital repositories such as Science Direct, MDPI, and Springer Link. The research technique utilised in this study was descriptive and review-based. The material was categorised according to nutritional, ecological, and sustainability factors, and a theme review framework was used to organise the process. Findings revealed that aquatic insects such as Cybister spp., Lethocerus indicus, and Pantala spp. contain high protein content (45–57 g/100 g dry weight), needed amino acids, minerals, and healthy fatty acids, with characteristics that are equivalent to or even beyond those of traditional sources of protein. When they are grown in a sustainable manner, they have a small impact on the environment, serve as bioindicators of the health of freshwater systems, and play an important part in the cycle of nutrients at the ecological level. The cultivation of edible insects in India, on the other hand, is still lacking in terms of organised legislation, awareness initiatives, and technical innovation. According to the findings of the study, incorporating aquatic insects into India's food chain has the potential to improve food security, provide employment opportunities in rural areas, and preserve biodiversity. The establishment of a national database of edible species, the development of food safety standards, the encouragement of sustainable insect farming, and the introduction of awareness programs to normalise entomophagy are all recommendations that have been made.  

ABSTRACT
Among people who have experienced a stroke, 72% have motor impairments in the lower limb1 It is a common observation that individuals with hemiparesis exhibit asymmetrical weight bearing inadequacy –static standing posture & during functional movements. This asymmetry has been associated with impaired physical performance, balance and may contribute to disordered gait .The approach of this study is to find effect of mirror therapy and action observation therapy on lower extremity motor recovery after stroke. Hypothesis: there is significant effects of mirror therapy and action observation therapy on lower extremity motorexecution. Among the assumptions regarding the functional role of mirror neuron, the first one is expressing movements related to those registerd into visual and auditory sense in exercise. This means understanding of the observed exercise objectives andprojecting it in exercise. The ventral premotor cortex andinferior parietal lobe control these reactions. The second assumption is about is realising the conceived emotional situation into motor response. Insula and rostral cingulated control these reactions Conclusion action observation therapy is a unique rehabilitation approach it plays a crucial role in accelerating thet motor recovery Larger improvements in skills can be expected if action observation training is applied to patients in combination with the training currently used in interventions for rehabilitation. In motor imagery intervention, stroke patients with hampered mobility can activate the brain circuits by imagining movements, and active participation can be encouraged through the movement. In stroke patients who performed exercise imagery training, asymmetry of the gait pattern improved in the heel strike phase  on the involved side, and the training can also be used to improve the relearning of daily tasks afteracute phase  of stroke. Weight shifting interventions for hemiplegic patients enhances the inculsion of exercise imagery training Stroke patients who were asked to imagine normal gait to train the normal movement of foot showed improved parameters of gait pattern. Mirror neurons are a unique set of neurons, which are “resonate” in response to the elementary motor acts (e.g., finger lifting, precision grip) that form theobserved action and represent an “observation–execution matching mechanism”, which can unify the sensing and execution of an action. The mirror system activation of premotor cortex and parietal areas are influence motor cortical outputs trans synaptically hence shifting motor cortical output excitability and in that each neuron within M1 appears toparticipate in the projection to multiple muscles and motor actions. The scenarios are designed to induce a cognitive process in which a subject imagines himself/herself acting as the agent in the displayed movement situation. Due to uniqueness of this type of interaction and its therapeutic potential, its relationship to passive observation and imitation during observation has been studied