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The continuous and enhanced use of chemical pesticides for eliminating the insect pests effected the crops quality, market value and yield significantly. These pesticides are also harmful for some beneficial microorganisms, human health and the environment. The biopesticides is a better alternative to these chemical pesticides. The biopesticides arederived from the microorganisms like bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis), virus (Baculovirus), fungi (Acremonium cephalosporium, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viridae, Penicillium chrysogenum and Verticillumalbo-atrum) and some nematode (genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema). The biological control of insect pests has various advantages over the use of chemical pesticides. Biopesticides are eco-friendly, cost-effective, specific to target pests and do not harm the human health. Although biocontrol methods give rise to some ethical issue but by doing more research and experimental studies on biological control of pests, biopesticides can be a potential method of controlling the pest population.  

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Guava-strawberry cheese and toffee were developed and evaluated for changes in its nutritional constituents and sensory quality at monthly interval for two months storage period. Ascorbic acid and anthocyanins decreased significantly in guava-strawberry cheese and toffee during two months of storage. The color and appearance, taste, flavor, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability of guava-strawberry cheese and toffee decreased significantly with the advancement in storage period, however, their overall rating remained above the acceptable level even after two months of storage. Cheese prepared with 20 Guava: 80 strawberry pulp was found most acceptable (8.32), while toffee prepared with 65 Guava: 35strawberry pulp was found most acceptable (8.07).

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Pleurotus florida is an intriguing and distinct species in the fascinating world of fungus, and it needs to be recognized and considered. This amazing fungus, commonly known as the Florida oyster mushroom, is a nutritious delight in addition to being an astonishing marvel of nature.Pure culture of P. floridagrew on potato dextrose agar media. Spawn was prepared and leaf straw, paddy straw and wheat straw were used to cultivate mushrooms.P. florida's growth and production vary greatly based on the different kinds of substrates, including wheat, paddy straw, and dried leaves. Paddy straw had the highest observed output of fruiting bodies among the three substrates.The bacterial pathogens Bacillus cereus (MTCC-1305), Escherichia coli (MTCC), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160), and Micrococcus luteus (MTCC-1809) are all significantly inhibited by the Pleurotus floridaextract.Our research demonstrated the Pleurotus floridaextract has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gramnegative and Gram-positive pathogenic microorganisms.

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Problem Immediate Implant Placement (IIP) has gained popularity for oral rehabilitation in cases of tooth loss due to infection, offering advantages like less invasive surgery, faster recovery, and reduced patient suffering. However, the application of IIP in cases with periapical pathology, such as radicular cysts, remains controversial due to concerns about infection and bone healing. Limited high-quality research has examined the feasibility and outcomes of IIP in infected sites, making it a debated topic in dental surgery. Approach: This case report presents the immediate rehabilitation of a tooth affected by a radicular cyst using bi-cortical implants. A 53-year-old female patient with a radicular cyst in the maxillary anterior region underwent tooth extraction followed by immediate implant placement and cyst enucleation. Preoperative CBCT imaging was used to assess the cyst's size and impact on surrounding bone structures. The procedure involved meticulous debridement of the infected site, administration of prophylactic antibiotics, and the use of a one-piece cortico-basal implant to ensure stable anchorage in the compromised bone. Findings: The immediate implant placement was successfully performed without complications. The implant provided stable support for a cement-retained prosthesis, which was delivered the following day. Over a six-month follow-up period, the patient exhibited no signs of bone resorption or recurrence of periapical pathology. The soft and hard tissue around the implant remained healthy, demonstrating the feasibility of IIP in a site previously affected by periapical infection. Conclusion: This case report supports the viability of immediate implant placement in treating teeth with periapical pathology, such as radicular cysts. Through careful case selection, proper debridement, and the use of cortico-basal implants, IIP can be a successful treatment modality even in challenging scenarios. Despite the promising outcomes in this case, further clinical studies are necessary to establish the long-term efficacy and safety of IIP in cases involving periapical infections. Individualized treatment planning remains crucial for achieving optimal results.  

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The malocclusion known as Class II is a prevalent issue globally, affecting about one third of orthodontic patients. The Twin block appliance has gained widespread acceptance due to its effectiveness and compared to previous bulky monoblock appliances. This appliance is particularly successful in modifying the dentoskeletal relation in growing patients. In this series of cases, we will explore three instances where patients with aesthetic concerns were treated with the Twin block appliance. These patients presented with a retruded lower jaw and a convex facial profile, both of which contributed to their Class II malocclusion and hyperactive mentalis. Twin block therapy successfully addressed these issues and proved effective in modifying the patient’s growth.  

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Background: For the orthodontist, orthodontic space closure has always presented a challenge. Using fixed appliances, space closure is often achieved through a number of techniques. However, the considerable force depreciation over time is a drawback of employing an elastic force system. As the concept of Hycon appliance as an alternative for the conventional space closure methods is fairly unknown, the functioning of the appliance hasn’t been verified and there are not many literatures available. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Hycon device as alternative method of space closure in patients of Angles class I Bimaxillary protrusion and to compare the time required and amount of space closed with the hycon appliance to that of conventional mechanics. Material and Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted a total of 32 patients, 16– experimental group (hycon appliance) and 16- control group (conventional method), over a period of 12-18 months. Samples were collected of patients with Angles class I Bimaxillary protrusion reporting to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Rural Dental College, Loni, India. Pre and post treatment comparative analysis of both the group was done to evaluate the efficacy of the hycon appliance. Results: The total time and amount of space closuretaken in experimental group, to close space was significantly less as compared to control group. Conclusion: The Hycon device is a clinically feasible, comfortable, painless, effective and fast technique to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.  

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India, with a population of 1.4076 billion, holds the distinction of being the world’s most populous country. Given the size of its population, managing crime rates is a complex task, influenced by a multitude of factors including poverty, peer pressure, drug abuse, politics, religious beliefs, societal background, and unemployment. Rape, in particular, has emerged as a prevalent crime in recent years. The pervasiveness of rape in India can be attributed to gender inequality, societal norms and attitudes, lack of awareness, insufficient law enforcement, a slow judicial process, social stigma, and victim-blaming. In this study, we have compiled a decade’s worth of data for each state, categorizing each year into subgroups based on whether the offenders were known or unknown to the victims. The dataset comprises 10 independent features and one dependent feature. We have used various machine learning algorithms to train a model capable of categorizing the data into the aforementioned subgroups. The machine learning algorithms used for this analysis include ensemble algorithms comprising multiple machines learning methods, stacking and bagging of multiple machine learning algorithms both with and without feature selection. The machine learning methods used include decision trees, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), logistic regression, and random forests. So far, we have achieved an accuracy of 98% using novel stacking techniques.  

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Protecting collagen and elastin is essential for controlling connective tissue breakdown in joints and skin diseases. Therefore, this studyaimed to evaluate the antiproteinase activity of Cadaba indica leaves usingin-vitro and in-silicoanalyses. Cadaba indica is a traditional medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and analgesic properties. The in vitro antiproteinase activity of Cadaba indica hot percolation methanolic extract (CIHME) and cold macerated methanolic extract (CICME) was assessed by collagenase and elastase inhibition assays using piroxicam as a standard. Three phytochemical compounds, n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid from CICME, were subjected to molecular docking with the target proteins, collagenase and elastase, using AutoDock 4.0. The results showed that both CICME and CIHME effectively inhibited proteinase enzymes.In addition, the effects of both extracts were statistically significant when compared with piroxicam. Dunnett’s t-test was used for the data analysis. The anti-collagenase activity assay showed that CICME (61.97%) resulted in a higher percentage of inhibition than CIHME (53.42%). In addition, CICME (61.38%) showed a higher percentage of inhibition than CIHME (50.41%). In silico results showed that all three phytochemical components were successfully bound to the target. In addition, 9,12,15, octadecatrienoic acid (-4.22 Kcal/mol) and phytol (-4.82 Kcal/mol) showed binding solid energy with the target. In-vitro and in-silico antiproteinase activities showed that the phytochemicals of Cadaba indica can prevent connective tissue degradation in various diseases.  

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Wheat is one of the staple food grains of humankind around the world. However, gluten present in wheat is reported to cause numerous human diseases, which are categorized as gluten-related diseases. Gluten, a glue-like protein, is formed from gliadin and glutenin during the kneading process of wheat flour with water. Bile salts are important molecules for the proper metabolism and absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble nutrients. In this study, we planned to analyze the effect of interactions between sodium deoxycholate and constituents of gluten in its formation and on formed gluten. Wheat flour or formed gluten was mixed with various concentrations of deoxycholic acid to study the effect of these molecular interactions. We found that when deoxycholic acid is included in the wheat flour during the kneading process, it disrupts gluten formation in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, when deoxycholic acid is added to formed gluten, it disrupts the formed gluten as well. Hence, from this study, we hypothesize that deoxycholic acid and constituents of gluten have strong forces of interaction with each other.  

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Water is the essence of life, yet its purity is increasingly threatened by human activities, particularly through the contamination of freshwater systems by heavy metals. This review delves into the pervasive issue of water toxicity, focusing on heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Using the Kharar region in Punjab, India, as a case study, this paper examines how industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices have contributed to the accumulation of hazardous metals in water bodies, posing significant risks to both environmental and human health. The review synthesizes current research, providing a comprehensive overview of the sources of heavy metals, their pathways into aquatic systems, and the devastating effects they can have on aquatic life and human communities. It also discusses the various methodologies employed in detecting and analyzing these contaminants, highlighting the critical role of advanced analytical techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). In addition to reviewing the findings from the study conducted in Kharar, the paper incorporates insights from a broader body of research, offering a well-rounded perspective on the global challenge of heavy metal contamination. By exploring both the scientific and socio-economic dimensions of the issue, this review underscores the urgent need for effective mitigation strategies and stronger regulatory frameworks to protect our water resources. The paper concludes by reflecting on the future of research and policy development in environmental health, advocating for a more integrated approach that combines technological innovation with community engagement to tackle the complex problem of water toxicity. Ultimately, this review serves as a call to action, emphasizing that safeguarding our freshwater ecosystems is not just a scientific imperative, but a moral responsibility to future generations.  

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Birds are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Zelome is a village in Phek District of Nagaland, resides at North-east India which is a part of Himalayan mountain range. The region has steep terrain and abundant evergreen woods, is a biodiversity hotspot rich with flora and fauna. The region is also home to a diverse range of bird species that are important for understanding environmental health. The present study emphasize on the survey of avifauna biodiversity in Zelome, as biodiversity plays a very crucial role in the ecosystem service. A mixed-method research strategy was used, including direct observation and local interviews. The findings gave a prevailing number of bird diversity in the region. There were 53 bird species out of which 45 birds are residents birds’ belonging to 11 orders and 31 families, and 8 birds are migratory birds with 3 orders and 5 families. According to the study maximum species of birds are of Passeriformes order. Status of all the species of birds are at Least Concern.  This study gives a sample bird population for different regions in the state. Many environmental changes in the region due to shifting farming, deforestation, and hunting are seriously threatening the bird populations. This study revealed the need for conservation efforts and awareness to preserve the region's rich avian species. And also the importance for baseline studies all over Nagaland for protection and conservation of wildlife.  

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High cost of inorganic fertilizers and poor soil fertility levels are major constraints to food production in Nigeria. Utilization of organic amendments that are environmentally friendly sustainable is a panacea to improving crop yield. This work was carried out in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effects of applying sawdust biochar and pig manure on soil physicochemical properties, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptakes and growth attributes of groundnut. Five treatments were evaluated namely: control plot without amendment (T1), 5 tha-1 biochar (T2), 5 tha-1 pig manure (T3), 5 tha-1 biochar + 10 tha-1 pig manure (T4) and 10 tha-1 biochar +5 tha-1 pig manure (T5). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated five times. Pre-planting and post-planting soil analysis and nutrient uptakes of N, P and K were analyzed.  Growth and yield parameters of groundnut were measured. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means among treatments were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Results showed that plots amended with 5 tha-1 biochar + 10 tha-1 pig manure increased soil pH by 20.5%, organic matter by 62.1% and total nitrogen by 80.9%.  The same rate increased available phosphorus by 49.8% and base saturation by 41.7%. There were 81%, 72% and 62% increase in N, P and K uptakes with application of 5 tha-1 biochar + 10 tha-1 pig manure when compared to control plot. The highest shoot dry matter (9.05 kgha-1), number of groundnut pods (204) and weight of pods (1.15 kgha-1) were obtained on plots amended with 5 tha-1 biochar + 10 tha-1 pig manure. The study showed that  amending low fertile soil with biochar in conjunction with pig manure improved the quality, nutrient availability and yield of groundnut and these improvements manifested more when 5tha-1 biochar + 10 tha-1 pig manure is applied.  

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This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Hesperetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HSPCNP) in mitigating oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD).Groups I and II received the standard pellet diet. Group III, IV, and V rats were initially fed an HFD for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg b.w) to induce diabetes. After inducing diabetes, Group IV rats were administered a daily oral dose of 40 mg/kgb.w. HSPCNP for 4 weeks. Biochemical analysis of liver homogenates and plasma revealed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR, vitamin E, vitamin C, and GSH in diabetic rats. Conversely, markers of lipid peroxidation, such as TBARS and LHP, were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Treatment with HSPCNP effectively reversed these alterations, significantly improving antioxidant status and reducing oxidative stress in diabetic rats, comparable to the standard drug metformin. These findings demonstrate that HSPCNP can alleviate oxidative stress in patients with diabetes and is a promising therapeutic approach for diabetes treatment.  

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In spite of the fact that it has good benefits on the economy, the mining industry is frequently associated with serious environmental problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact that mining activities on local microclimatic conditions, specifically temperature and rainfall, over a period of twenty years (2003-2022) in four different mining regions of India. These regions are Sukinda (chromite mining), Balaram OCP (coal mining), ), Joda (iron ore mining), and Danagadi (industrial area. Microsoft Excel and RStudio were utilized to collect and analyze meteorological data, which included monthly averages of maximum and lowest temperatures as well as total, and seasonal rainfall. ArcGIS 10.4 was utilized in order to map the locations that were under investigation. The findings demonstrate that, there have been considerable alterations to the ecosystem, with a discernible increase in both highest and lowest temperatures across all four areas. For Sukinda, the biggest increase in maximum temperature was reported to be 20C, while the temperature at the lowest point climbed by 2.50C. The patterns of rainfall displayed a significant amount of variation, with an overall rise in total rainfall in Sukinda area and decline in rest three sampling locations. This result can be attributed to factors such as deforestation, air pollution, and anthropogenic activities. The research reveals the significant influence that mining activities play in modifying the microclimates of the surrounding areas, highlighting the importance of implementing sustainable mining methods in order to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The results of this study offer important insights that may be used for climatological, environmental, & impact assessments. These findings also contribute to the creation of policies for the sustainable management of resources in mining zones.  

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Objective: This investigation compared the efficacy of variable-height soldered power arms in canine retraction using a split-mouth design. Background: Orthodontic treatment for protruding teeth often involves premolar extractions followed by canine retraction using friction mechanics using a power arm. This study compared the effectiveness of different power arm heights forcanine retraction. Methods: Twenty patients (16-25 years) requiring premolar extractions and canine retraction were randomised into two groups. Group 1 received a 9mm power armandGroup 2 received a 6mm power arm on the designated study side, with both groups receiving a standard 3mm power armon the control side. Canine retraction, anchorage loss, and angulation were evaluated at 3 and 6 months using radiographic and model analysis. Results: The 9mm power arm achieved significantly greater canine retraction compared to the 6mm power arm at both three and six months. The 9mm power arm also resulted in more controlled bodily movement of the canine, whereas the 6mm power arm exhibited uncontrolled tipping. Conclusion: The 9mm power arm facilitated efficient and controlled bodily canine retraction due to its proximity to the tooth's center of resistance. This finding suggests that a 9mm power arm may be preferable for efficient space closure and achieving bodily tooth movement in two-step retraction or isolated canine retraction scenarios, compared to the conventionally used 6mm and 3mm power arms.  

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Background: Hectic lifestyle, oxidative stress, obesity, and delayed childbearing cause many women's diseases worldwide. One of the diseases related to the reproductive system is “vaginal dysbiosis (VD)” an unbalanced microbiota, which paves the way for opportunistic microorganisms that cause health disorders and lead to various gynecological problems, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and infertility. The study of women's lifestyle and VD in PCOS patients is one of the objectives. Methods: Vaginal swab samples from PCOS patients and healthy women volunteers were collected. The swab samples were cultured in plates containing blood-agar media. The Petri plates were sealed with Para-film to create internal anaerobic conditions and incubated in a BOD incubator. Colonies in plates were photographed on 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. The photographs were displayed on the screen and morphological observations were made for various parameters.Results: Results show significant differences between the two contrasting groups for seven lifestyle parameters of PCOS and healthy volunteers. The participants were between the ages of 23-40 years; of which 84.0% of PCOS were married but 80.0% did not have children (P-value<0.001). 88.0% were non-vegetarians with a fat-rich diet (P-value<0.001). The cytological observations of microbial colonies in culture plates showed morphologically different vaginal microbiota in all PCOS samples in contrast to healthy ones.Conclusion: All PCOS patients showed vaginal dysbiosis. Notably, the healthy bacteria were completely replaced by pathogenic bacteria. The characteristics of the pathogenic bacterial colonies were distinct and diverse in each patient, suggesting theinfluenceof PCOSon altered microbiota.  

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Foxtail millet is an authenticated crop in the ethnic tribes of Nagaland and plays a major role in their traditions. The development of hybrids in foxtail millet is a big task due to the minute flower morphology and self-pollinated crop. Hance collection, characterization, and identification of stable yielders in pure line mixtures in this region prioritize foxtail millet breeding. The objective of this current study was to investigate 30 foxtail genotypes across four distinct environments, aiming to identify stable performance genotypes in the region. The investigation was carried out from July 2022 to May 2023, incorporating four different sowing patterns with a 25-day interval. Two environments were maintained under rainfed conditions, while the remaining two were under irrigated conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in all environments. AMMI analysis revealed significant(P<0.05) genetic variation observed among the all traits for genotypes, environments, and genotype X environment interaction.Four genotypes (G8, G9, G21, and G22) exhibited stable performance under various testing conditions for grain yield. The AMMI-2 biplot highlighted that E1 and E4 exhibit strong environmental interaction for all traits, while E3 and E2 exhibit weak environmental interaction.Multi-trait stability index module revealed genotypes G17, G18, G21, and G14 were superior performance under multi trait combination. 

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Tropical rainforests, which constitute only about 7% of the Earth’s land area, are indispensable in the fight against climate change due to their immense carbon sequestration capabilities. This research review synthesizes studies from 2010 to 2024, providing an in-depth examination of the role these ecosystems play in the global carbon cycle, the challenges they face from deforestation, land-use change, and climate change, and the conservation strategies developed to protect them. The review identifies deforestation, driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure development, as a primary threat to tropical rainforests, responsible for approximately 8-10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The release of stored carbon from deforested areas exacerbates climate change and reduces future carbon sequestration potential. Additionally, the impact of climate change—through rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events—poses significant risks to these ecosystems, with potential consequences like large-scale dieback in regions such as the Amazon. In response to these challenges, innovative conservation strategies have been explored, including community-based initiatives and the REDD+ program, which aim to reduce deforestation through financial incentives. These strategies, however, face obstacles such as governance issues and ensuring equitable benefit-sharing. Technological advancements, including remote sensing and drone technology, are highlighted as crucial tools for improving forest monitoring and enforcement of conservation policies. The review emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that combine conservation with sustainable development, addressing the root causes of deforestation while enhancing the resilience of tropical rainforests to climate change. The findings underscore the critical role of these ecosystems in global climate mitigation efforts and the necessity of preserving them to prevent severe and irreversible climate impacts. The review also points to gaps in current research and suggests areas for future study to bolster the effectiveness and sustainability of tropical rainforest conservation.  

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Bioactive secondary metabolites are becoming important due to their high biological activities and they have the potential to be used as lead compounds in drug discovery.  Piper longum L. belongs to the family Pipe raceae and have diverse pharmacological properties with less side effects in biological systems. It contains a pungent alkaloid ‘Piperine’ which have lots of pharmacological activities. In the present study, total 37nos. of fungi have been isolated from Piper longum plants grown locally. All fungi belongs to Piper longum were screened for piperine production by following the solvent extraction and UV spectro photo metric analysis protocols. Subsequently, these fungi Trichodermacitrinoviride, Aspergillussydowii and Fusariumproliferatum have been selected for further experiments carried out on effect of carbon sources on piperine production in liquid culture conditions. The screening experiment carried out in different incubation period of fungal growth revealed variation in production of piperine at different growth period by different fungal species. Most of them preferred 21 days for better production. The three selected fungi exhibited production of piperine in 7 days of growth period. Further experiment exhibited the vital role of type of carbon sources used. Trichodermacitrinoviride preferred dextrose and Fusariumproliferatummannitol whereas Aspergillussydowii did not perform well in any of these experimental conditions. Decline in the piperine content on fungal culture due to longer incubation period has been observed in these fungi studied. Observation and estimation of piperine content made in the present study is at preliminary stage. Further clarification for the presence of piperine content demands higher advanced instrumentation analysis. Hence, this is the first new report on piperine production by fungal endophytesAspergillus sp. (17nos.), Penicillium sp. (5nos.), Fusarium sp. (4nos.), Gibberella sp., Trichoderma sp., Paecilomyces sp., Mycelia sp. (5nos.), Cladosporium sp. (2nos.), Piptocephalis sp.isolated from Piper longum.  

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Cassava roots provide important sources of energy-rich food for millions of people. It is rich in two toxic cyanogenic glycosides. The study aimed to assess the impact of cyanide-containing food (Cassava) on hematological and histological parameters in experimental rats. Freshly prepared cassava products (fried garri and cassava paste) were obtained. Thirty-five (35) inbred male Swiss Rattus norvegicus were used for the study. There were two major animal groups, each divided into four other subgroups that contained five rats each. Subgroups were designated as A (only cassava form administration), B (cassava form and immunosuppressor), H (1mg/kg KCN), and I (only feed and water). All subgroups B received cyclophosphamide as a single dose on the 9th day. Animals were sacrificed on the 14th day. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Cyanide concentration was 133.16 ± 16.23 mg/kg in cassava paste and 59.40±8.07 mg/kg in fresh fried garri. Results of white blood cell, red blood cell, monocyte, granulocyte, and neutrophil counts revealed lower levels in groups A, B, and H in rats exposed to freshly fried garri compared to group I. In rats exposed to fresh cassava paste, hematological parameters were similarly lower in groups A, B, and H compared to the normal control, where they were higher. When compared to the control group, there were various histological deformations observed in the liver, thymus, spleen, and kidney of the tested rat species like thickened centriole, adipose tissue, prominent dilated central artery, mild atrophic, and inflamed cells. 

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The purpose of this study is toComparison on Foot Morphology Between Different Sports of Inter University Level Players, such as badminton, basketball, volleyball, football, cricket, and athletics in Uttar Pradesh, India.A total of 120 male players (20 from each sport) participating in different sports at university level were selected for the present study. The age category of students was between the range of 18 to 22 years. Comprehending the distinct anatomical modifications exhibited by these athletes can offer valuable perspectives on the needs of individual sports and facilitate the creation of footwear and training regimens tailored to various sports. A variety of foot metrics, including Length (Foot Length, Ball of Foot Length, Outside Ball of Foot, Toe Length, Heel to Medial/Lateral Malleolus), were measured and analysed as part of the research. The findings showed that athletes from various sports had significantly diverse foot morphologies, indicating that each sport's particular physical demands result in different adaptations in the structure of the foot. When compared to other sports, football had the most significant variances across a number of parameters, suggesting that football players have distinct foot morphological traits.Specific foot measurements in basketball, badminton, and athletics were notably different from those in other sports.  

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This article investigates the issue of water pollution and its detrimental effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. Sources of contamination, including industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and untreated sewage are explored. Understanding the detailed ecotoxicological parameters through water analysis is crucial in our efforts to protect and restore aquatic ecosystems. By examining the complex interaction of chemical, physical, and biological factors, we gain valuable insights into the health of water bodies and the impacts of human activities. With this knowledge, we can implement informed policies, enforce regulations, and promote sustainable practices to reduce pollution and safeguard water quality. Ongoing monitoring and research will be vital in addressing emerging threats and ensuring the resilience of aquatic environments for future generations. It is only through unified global efforts that we can maintain the integrity of our water resources and promote a balanced coexistence with nature.  

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The world's population relies mostly on traditional medicinal herbs, utilizing their extracts or active ingredients. The goal of this work was to isolate and identify a fungal isolate using ITS sequencing, optimize the nutritional factors, and evaluate for phytochemical, antioxidant, and antifungal activity against three Fusarium spp. viz., Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi, and Fusarium oxysporum. Nutritional changes at the carbon and nitrogen source levels, as well as culture conditions such as specific incubation periods, resulted in the production of a novel and modified medium in which our fungus demonstrated increased levels of various bioactivity. Phytochemical test of selected fungal endophyte showed the presence of various secondary metabolites. Antioxidant properties were shown in the fungal culture though differed as per culture condition and nutritional factors. The highest antifungal activity was seen in the 18-day-old Aspergillus nomiae culture and maltose-potassium nitrate is the chosen C and N sources. Achievement of this changed medium composition may be effective in eliciting the synthesis of secondary metabolites, useful for pharmaceutical research and antagonistic principle against plant pathogens.

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There is a traditional claim that, Alligator pepper(Aframomummelegueta) a member of the ginger family can ameliorate alcohol intoxication. Aframomummeleguetacontain quercetin a form of antioxidant, gingerol and essential amino acids (tryptophan) a precursor of serotoninwhich had been known to affect neurobehavioral functions. However, whether administration of Aframomummeleguetaextract which contains quercetin, gingerol and tryptophancan affect neurobehavior notably, motor coordination and balance in CD1 mice has not been previously ascertained. Therefore, the effects of aqueous extract of alligator pepper (Aframomummelegueta) on alcohol induced motor coordination impairment in CD1 micewas studied. Twenty (20) experimental mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups namely; control, Aframomummelegueta only, Aframomummelegueta + ethanoland ethanol only groups. Beam walking apparatus was used to assess motor coordination and balance. Results showed that, group of mice treated with Aframomummelegueta extracts had improved motor coordination and balance compared ethanol only treated group (p<0.05). In conclusion, administration of Aframomummelegueta extract improved motor coordination and balance in CD1 mice. The improved motor coordination and balance effects observed may be attributed to quercetin, gingerol and tryptophan present in Aframomummelegueta.

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Cytological irregularities occur when ever breeders attempted wide hybridization among thecrops plants. The plant breeders having knowledge on their crops to be improved the traits. This study focusses on cytological irregularities in F1s of Vigna radiata x Vigna umbellataof interspecific hybridization.There is a cross compatibility between these twospecies evenhaddistinct differencein morphology. Even though easy cross compatibility between these two dissimilar species for crossing and formed fertile seeds to germinate as F1s plants. The germinated F1 plants produced complete sterile pollen grains, thenon fertilepollen grainsreached on stigma surfaceof same F1 plants and therewas nopollen germination followed by no pod formation. Byselfingof same flowers, pollen grains of different flowers of same cross were collected and dusted on the same stigmasof same cross there was no pollen germinationand pod formation due to meiotic distraction which leads to male sterility. The same F1s flowers were backcrossed with both parentsalso not pollen germinated and no pod formed due to megaspore disintegrated leads to female sterility. True F1 plants were produced highest number of flowers and nopod formationdue to male and female sterility. Detailed meiotic studies were carried out for male and female organs ofF1s plants and the foundreasons.Detailed study was examined for microsporegenesisof PMCs ,  the several meiotic irregularities namely chromatins irregulaties ,  univalent, bivalent,  quadrivalent, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad,  hexad, octad and multiloids and alsofound frequent nonseparation of tetrad. The parents exhibited the same normal chromosome number 2n = 22, normal ovule , normal pollen grain fertility, pollen germination, perfect separation of tetrad and F1s showed high frequency of total meiotic chromosomal aberrations. Various types of meitotic abnormalities such ascytomixis, lagging chromosomes, chromosomal bridges, and chromosome stickiness have been observed in all F1 plants. The cytological findings revealed that F1s had both male and female sterility occurred in F1s of Vigna radiata x Vigna umbellata crosses. Studying the cytological behavior of this cross combination will give ideas for young Vigna breederswho are doing future interspecific hybridization of Vigna species related to irregularities happened in Vignaspecies andindebthresearch may be intensified for future Vignabreeding programme. 

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The neurobiological and signaling feature of the (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2A)) receptor places it at the center of brain function. Several psychiatric diseases are implicated due to mal-functioning of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) receptors, consequently GPCR are primarily the targets of drugs aimed at treating these disorders. While several disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified and mapped in the human genome, the pathophysiological relevance for many synonymous remains largely anonymous. Gene expression is orchestrated by numerous ciscontrol elements that may be located upstream or downstream of the Transcription start site (TSS) at several levels. Polymorphisms in this region can alter gene expression and lead to biological changes through alterations in chromatin, allelic and epigenetic marks. This class of polymorphism is attracting increased attention since they are responsible for a proportion of heritable phenotypic variations in several human diseases. In this study we explored plausible roles of 5-HT2A gene SNP variations (rs6311 and rs6313) on genome architecture in the promoter flanking the TSS such as chromatin marksand mRNA secondary structure(folding) using bioinformatics methods.The results suggest differential chromatin marks such as binding sites for various transcription factors, alterations to TSS and enhancers. Further,Mfold analysis suggested a plausible role of SNP (rs 6313) on RNA secondary structure with different thermodynamic properties for each of the alleles. In summary, the SNPs could impact gene expression directly at the transcriptional level or through mechanisms acting on the mRNA and therefore at transcriptional and translational levels.  

ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves has been extensively studied due to their rich phytochemical content. These leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, phytosterols, and diterpenes. Among these compounds, quercetin plays a crucial role in providing antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Guava leaves have demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects against various microbial species, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and periodontal pathogens. Additionally, guava leaves exhibit potent antioxidant activity, making them valuable for herbal formulations. This research paper evaluates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaf extracts and their suitability for incorporation into herbal toothpaste formulations  

ABSTRACT
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are the metalloenzymes that are widespread in living organisms. Several CA isoforms found in humans, bovine, murine are competent therapeutic targets to regress various diseases like cancer, edema, glaucoma, epilepsy, obesity, stroke, sterility, & neural disorders. Similarly, in photosynthetic organisms CAs maintains carbon concentration around RuBisCo & regulates photosynthetic pathways which results growth & development. The abundant growth of harmful strains of algae & cyanobacteria form blooms that are associated with the release of fatal toxins. Along with that the biofilm-producing cyanobacteria colonize various historical monuments, caves, & pre-historic sites. They stain the surfaces by secreting biogenic pigments significantly reducing their aesthetic value.In this review we discuss several synthetic and natural CA inhibitors, their role,mechanism of action, structural arrangement,side effects& potency in the form of IC50 against wide classes of CA isozymes. Preliminary ADMET investigations of synthetic molecules as well as phytochemicals were performed to identify the most effective & non-toxic molecules. Following synthetic molecules (acetazolamide, dichlorophenamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide)&phytochemicals such as phenols (p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Coumaric acid), polyphenols (curcumin, catechin, rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (luteolin, fisetin, rhamnetin)& coumarin are potent non-toxic molecules& may be competent for the treatment of a variety of human disorders as well as helpful to inhibit the toxic cyanobacterial strains

ABSTRACT
Asparaginase converts L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and has received considerable attention in the recent years for its anti-carcinogenic potential. L-asparaginase is a drug that is used to treat lymphoblastic cancer. The present work examined the capacity of a novel strain to generate extracellular L-asparaginase. The study looked at how L-asparaginase was made using MCDB which had the most L-asparaginase action. This study focuses on the optimization, synthesis, purification, and characterization of the L-Asparaginase enzyme derived fromAspergillus pseudodeflectus. The L-Asparaginase was made by first removing the crude enzyme then precipitating it with ammonium sulphate, filtering it through a Sephadex column, and finally making it even purer through ion exchange chromatography. Different sources and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and amino acid inducers (nutritional factors) as well as pH and temperature (physical parameters) were optimized to achieve enhanced L-asparaginase production. The study findings indicated that the most favourable conditions for enzyme production were a pH of 8.0 at 37°C. The carbon and nitrogen sources that demonstrated the highest efficacy were Lactose (0.5%) and L-asparagine (0.5%), respectively. The yield was also high in vitamin (1%), sodium acetate (1%), citric acid (1%), Tryptophan (1%), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (1%). The production of L-asparaginase on a large scale can be achieved through continuous fermentation using the medium composition outlined in the study. 

ABSTRACT
India, the world's second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop production, generates a significant amount of agricultural waste, predominantly crop residue.Periodically, there is an increase in the habit of intentionally lighting the residue left over after harvesting wheat and rice crops. Stubble burning has recently emerged as one of India’s most troublesome concerns. This practice is common in major rice-producing areas like as Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, and it has serious implications for air quality, soil health, and public health. This review investigates the complicated issue of stubble burning, focusing on the fundamental factors, such as manpower shortages, increased automation, and the short interval between rice and wheat planting. We assess diverse crop residue management approaches, such as in-situ techniques like stubble inclusion, mulching, and the use of Happy Seeders, as well as off-farm uses like biogas production and composting. The review also discusses government policies and schemes aimed at reducing stubble burning, such as the National Policy for Management of Crop Residue (NPMCR) and various financial incentives.  

ABSTRACT
The neurological term phantom limb alludes to the complex of rich and vivid perception that are referred to an amputed body part. These perceptions are most commonly reported following limb amputation. These phantom limb sensations can be painful or non-painful. Neuroplasticity is the ability of brain to change or rewire throughout a person’s life. Our body is inverted anatomically on to the cerebral cortex. Sensitive body parts with many nerve endings are represented by larger cortical areas in somatosensory cortex while the body parts with higher muscular activity are represented by larger cortical areas in the primary motor cortex too. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in the head and neck regions also.  

ABSTRACT
Heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses significant environmental risks due to its persistent and toxic nature. This review aims to analyze the sources, pathways, toxicity mechanisms, ecological impacts, and assessment methods of heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium in aquatic environments. It examines both anthropogenic sources—such as industrial activities including metal production, mining, and chemical manufacturing—and natural sources like volcanic eruptions and weathering. The review highlights how these metals are transported to aquatic systems, where they persist and bioaccumulate, posing risks to aquatic organisms and ecosystem functions.The discussion focuses on the differential toxicity of organic and inorganic forms of metals, with organic forms being more bioavailable and hazardous. The review also compares conventional and emerging methods for assessing heavy metal pollution, noting the advantages and limitations of each.Concluding, the review emphasizes the need for integrated management strategies and ongoing research to address heavy metal pollution. Future perspectives include closing knowledge gaps on chronic exposure effects, developing sensitive detection methods, and implementing stricter regulatory measures to reduce emissions and protect aquatic ecosystems. This review provides a foundation for understanding heavy metal contamination and offers guidance for mitigating its impact on aquatic environments.  

ABSTRACT
Snacking behaviour and preferential eating of fast foods are the characteristic eating pattern among school age children. However, the present scenario about the child health indicates a rise in behaviour problems among children globally. In this context, the influence of behaviour problems on snacking behaviour among children aged 9-14years is investigated. The study revealed that, 28% boys and 21% girls with behaviour problem exhibited preference to fast foods compared to their normal counterparts. Boys (24.4-35.1%) with behaviour problems preferred chocolates and had craving for sugar, 30.6% boys preferred homemade sweets. Other than this, licking walls (12.6-34.2; 10.0-34%), eating mud (10.0-42.3; 12.0–32.0%) and chewing chalk piece (10.0-38.7; 12.0–38.0%) was also prevalent among boys and girls with behaviour problems. Evidently children with behavior problems exhibited an increased preference for snack foods as well as pica habit for non food materials.  

ABSTRACT
Background: the burden of HIV and malaria co-infection has contributed to adverse health complications, especially in pregnant mothers residing in endemic regions.Malaria infection is an important neglected tropical disease and has remain a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria.This study is a case-control study aimed at evaluating the impact of oxidative stress and some cytokine imbalance on HIV seropositive pregnant women with/without malaria infectionattending antenatal clinic at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. The study involved 90age-matchedpregnant womengrouped into HIV seropositive pregnant women (n=30), HIV seropositive pregnant women with malaria (n=30), HIV seronegative pregnant women with malaria (n=30), and 30 non-pregnant women without HIV or malaria as control. Methods: Blood sample was collected from each participant for determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Selenium (Sel), Zinc (Zn), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),interferon-gamma (IFN-?) using colorimetric, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and enzymatic method respectively.Results: IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly increased in HIV seropositivewith malaria compared with HIV seronegative pregnant women without malaria and control participants (p=0.000). IFN-γ was significantly increased in HIV seronegative pregnant women with malaria compared with HIV seropositive pregnant women (p=0.000[Ma1] ). MDA was significantly increased in HIV seropositive pregnant women with and without malaria co-infection while serum levels of zinc, selenium,and SOD were decreased in HIV seropositive pregnant women with malaria compared with HIV seronegative pregnant women with malaria and control group (p≤0.05 respectively).Conclusion: The study showed increased oxidative stress witha significant degree of inflammation and reduced immunity in HIV seropositive women with malaria co-infection. This suggests evidence ofdisease progression and severitywhich may have been worsened by the co-infection.  [Ma1]  

ABSTRACT
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are free-living soil microorganisms, live in the rhizosphere and the plant's roots. They can directly promote plant development by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing, and acquiring minerals (phosphorus, potassium, and other vital elements), regulating phytohormones, or indirectly by regulating plant pathogens through the synthesis of numerous secondary products, including antibiotics, siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, and even promoting systemic resistance in plants. Numerous PGPR strains from various taxonomic families have favorable impacts on plants. Both the biofertilizer and the biocontrol activities of PGPRs substantially impact the wellness and yield of plants. These activities can be thought of as two aspects of the same coin. Using PGPR as a robust biofertilizer and/or biocontrol agent is a viable replacement for chemical fertilizers and pesticides that can help grow ecologically friendly and sustainable agriculture. The various strategies that rhizobacterial strains employ to encourage plant growth are described in this review.  

ABSTRACT
Chamba is situated in northwestern Himalayas in the confluence of Ravi River. Due to its topography and geographical location, it serves as the habitat for different floral species. It includes rural and tribal populations dependent on the forest and natural resources for their day today necessities. Traditional health care system is the key to the modern health care system. Traditional indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants passing from ages provides a good health care system to the folk. The study deals with the documentation of Ethnomedicinal data of the medicinal plants used by the local communities of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. Study highlights the list of traditionally used medicinal plants, their utilization pattern, nativity, occurrence status and distribution in the study area. These high valued medicinal plants are used to cure health problems and have aphrodisiac, immunity boosting and anti- cancerous properties etc.; about 100 species of plants have been documented. The study provides recommendations for the sustainable use and further ethno- pharmacological study of the plants for the conservation of these species.  

ABSTRACT
A novel class of plant hormones called strigolactones (SLs) is essential for protecting plants from environmental stressors. Plants can respond and reduce the effect on crop output when these conditions activate several hormonal pathways. Plants rely on phytohormone to help them withstand abiotic challenges such as salinity, heavy metal, light stress, heat stress, food deficit, and drought. SLs are a class of hormones that originate in plants and are derived from carotenoids. They are known as new phytohormones and are crucial in controlling plant metabolism, growth, and development. To improve stress tolerance, one approach is to alter SLs genetically. Native plant hormones, on the other hand, play a key role in controlling development, growth, and nutrient distribution as well as in coordinating responses to altered surroundings. Plants respond to environmental signals like food shortage and canopy shadow by fine-tuning their behaviors and architecture via hormonal interactions. Much has changed in our knowledge of SL production, signaling, and transport since they were found. This article delves into the ins and outs of SLs' biosynthesis, and perception, and how they play a crucial part in helping plants survive in harsh environments.  

ABSTRACT
Ethnozoology plays a crucial role in treating common ailment in human and forms the basis for allopathic medicine in modern science. Northeast India with its rich biodiversity and diverse communities holds an association between human and nature through its unique culture and tradition. This study aims to document the use of faunal species and their products as a therapeutic medicine in treatment of common ailment in 3 areas of Gossaigaon subdivision, Kokrajhar Assam. The used of 34 faunal species belonging to 10 different classes in treating various aliment were reported by the communities in the study area. Common cold, skin disease, poor eye sight and body pain were the common mention ailments treated. Mammals are the highest used species followed by actinoptergii, aves and insects. The highest RFC and FL value was recorded for Heteropneutes fossilis. The communities inhabiting the area were Bodo, Koch-Rajbongshi, Muslim and Santhal. The use and preparation of species varies within the communities. This study documents the distinctive way of consumption not reported earlier and covert zootherapeutic knowledge practices by indigenous people of different communities. Therefore, exploring the traditional practices holds a key insight in modern drugs development that assists in human health and conserved the traditional ethics as well. Thus, further studies need to be undertaken before the rich cultural diversity is loss to the sight.     

ABSTRACT
Lepidopterans including butterflies and moths are   important as bio-indicators of ecosystem quality, health and change. The objective of the study was to investigate the moth species composition in different vegetation zones within the Mangalore University campus. The present study deals with the diversity of moths along the contrasting three selected landscapes and two seasons in Konaje, Mangalore, India for the years 2018–19, 2019–20 and 2021-22.  We recorded 1778 day flying and nocturnal moths of 18 families. Among the 126 species of moths recorded, relative abundance of family Erebidae (40%) was found to be the highest followed by  Geometridae(24%) and Crambidae (13%). Species diversity was found to be the highest during monsoon season, whereas among the study sites, area with buildings  not only had the highest relative abundance of moth species (35-51%) but also the highest biodiversity indices. The family Erebidae with 43 species was found to be the most abundant family across all the sampling plots.The family Geometridae with 20  species and Crambidae with 22 species were recorded. The findings of this study indicate the significance of the urban green areas in the campus to support a wide array of moths. The most common species, Micronia aculeate, (Guenée, 1857) of family Uraniidae comprised high number(79 individuals) of all specimens observed. Dysphania palmyra(Stoll, 1799) Dysphania percota (C. Swinhoe, 1891)were also seen in high number. The statistical interpretations were done using Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Shannon’s equitability and Simpsons index. The species richness data of Shannon-Wiener diversity index lies between 3.2 and 3.7. Therefore, this value of species richness indicates a good biodiversity of moth and interactions with their host plants in various ecological conditions indicating  Mangalore University  campus as a good habitat for moth biodiversity. Our results suggest that the habitats of moth assemblages identified as indicators may constitute a useful tool for conservation purposes.  

ABSTRACT
Problem: Horsegram is one of the least exploited legumes for research purpose and considered as a highly drought tolerant crop. It is considered to be an astounding source for elucidation and understanding the genetic basis of responses to drought tolerance. Approach: The genomic and transcriptomic SSR markers serve as wonderful resources for linkage mapping and detection of quantitative trait loci & most widely used markers for genotyping of plants over the recent past due to their properties viz. codominant, multi-allelic, experimentally reproducible and cross transferability among related crop species. Therefore, to provide such information in a single platform to the research community, we created an open web database and tool for finding SSRs through sequence input named Horsegram SSR markers database and Horsegram SSR finder respectively, available at (hillagric.ac.in:1005).  Findings: The database contains about 9200 SSR markers of horsegram out of which 2341 are genomic and 6762 are of transcriptomic origin, developed from sequencing data available with DISC- Distributed Information Sub-Centre, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Chaudhary Sharvan Kumar Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The Horsegram SSR markers database contains the information of markers which can be viewed by creating a login ID through the website (hillagric.ac.in:1005),  it will retrieve the all SSR genomic and transcriptomic sequences under separate tabs with detailed information such as sequence of the marker, name of the marker, repeat unit, product size and melting temperature. Conclusion: This sequence information can be easily accessed via website and surely provide a better search option at single platform rather than finding the data from different websites and to generate SSRs through different softwares and tools.  

ABSTRACT
In the field of health research impurity profiling carries a crucial job in drug safety, efficacy, and quality. Impurities may be incorporated with drug or pharmaceutical molecules in any stage of manufacturing including the time of synthesis, processing, storing, degrading due to environmental factors, or in the time of transportation of APIs. Indeed, even in trace amounts, it very well may involve issues with the dosage form. To overcome impurity problem, profiling is mandatory and includes steps like identification, isolation, characterization, quantification, and separation. Major sophisticated instruments like chromatography, spectroscopy are involved in this process. Impurity profiling helps in identifying the drug's compatibility, stability concern, microbial activity, interactions, or degradation pathways and furthermost the related harmfulness profile. Thus, it is helps in up-regulation of shelf life of product. Global bodies like USFDA, EU, TGA, and EMA are involved in monitoring and responsible for introducing guidelines and SOPs to minimize and control the impurity in between acceptance ranges. Globally, for the pharmaceutical field, it is a major worry of research and continuous advancements are made in analytical methodologies for more critical and updated characterization by which accurate assessments are finished and minimize impurity as well as possible throughout the product life cycle. This comprehensive study examines the various approaches used in the industrial setting to build up impurity profiling. The study explores the analytical techniques, strategies, and considerations involved in identifying, characterizing, and quantifying impurities. It also discusses the challenges faced by industrial practitioners and the emerging trends in impurity profiling.  

ABSTRACT
To assess the biochemical analysis, thirteen species of dried fish were selected, including Gudusia chapra, Amblypharyngodon mola, Cirrhinus mrigala, Chela laubuca, Esomus danricus, Puntius sophore, Systomus sarana, Chanda nama, Parambassis ranga, Channa punctuatus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Mastacembelus armatus , Trichogaster fasciata were selected. Samples were collected from the Barpeta district of Assam, India. The protein content of the selected dried fish ranged from 12.89% to 19.14% , lipid varied between 0.256% to 6.86%, carbohydrate content ranged from 0.58% to 1.52% . The moisture content varied from 12.6 % to 39.14%and ash content vaird from 0.9 % to 5.06%. The highest protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture and ash were found in H. fossilis, P. sophore, C. nama, C. punctatus and T. fasciata respectively. The lowest content of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture and ash were found in E. danricus, M. armatus, H. fossilis, P. ranga and C. mrigala respectively. This analysis indicates that dried fish can serve as a valuable source of nutrition for the nation.  

ABSTRACT
Problem - Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) has recently spread across numerous African and Asian countries, posing a significant threat to global agricultural production. Approach - This study aimed to evaluate the rearing performance of fall armyworm larvae using five artificial diets and one control (natural diet) to identify a suitable diet for mass multiplication. The diets tested were D1 (chickpea-based), D2 (wheat-based), D3 (soybean-based), D4 (bean-based), D5 (cowpea-based), and D6 (maize leaves as a control). Rearing conditions were maintained at 25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12:12 h light-dark photoperiod. Larval period, pupal period, adult longevity, generation time, fecundity, and net reproductive rate were recorded and compared.Findings - Larvae fed on D1 (chickpea-based diet) had a larval period of 16.30 days, a pupal period of 9.10 days, and an adult longevity of 12.46 days. The total generation time was 42.31 days, with a fecundity of 629.90 eggs/female. D1 showed a shorter mean generation time and doubling time compared to the control (D6). The net reproductive rate (R?) for D1 was 515 offspring/individual, surpassing the control diet. Conclusion - The chickpea-based artificial diet (D1) demonstrated superior results for rearing fall armyworms, indicating its effectiveness for mass multiplication in agricultural management strategies.  

ABSTRACT
Myositis is an inflammatory muscle disease characterized by muscle weakness, pain, and swelling, which can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. While conventional treatments such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are commonly used, they often come with adverse side effects and limitations. There is growing interest in natural remedies, particularly medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties, as complementary therapies for managing myositis. This manuscript explores the potential benefits of several medicinal plants, including turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Boswellia (Boswelliaserrata), willow bark (Salix alba), devil’s claw (Harpagophytumprocumbens), ashwagandha (Withaniasomnifera), and green tea (Camellia sinensis). The anti-inflammatory compounds in these plants, such as curcumin, gingerol, boswellic acids, salicin, harpagosides, withanolides, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), may help reduce muscle inflammation, pain, and oxidative stress in patients with myositis. This review highlights the current evidence supporting the use of these plants, their mechanisms of action, and their potential role as part of an integrative approach to managing myositis.  

ABSTRACT
This literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the agricultural distribution sector in India by synthesizing findings from previous studies.The agricultural marketing landscape in India is portrayed as a multifaceted and disjointed system, highlighting the need for a structured examination. The paper explores various models aimed at addressing market integration and price correlations, underlining the critical importance of applying these methodologies to assess distinct commodity markets within the nation.Drawing from existing literature, this review delves into several key issues that significantly impact the agricultural distribution sector. These issues encompass price margins, the presence of monopoly power in agricultural distribution, challenges related to transportation and infrastructure, and the role of technology in modernizing the sector. Through a comprehensive analysis of these factors, the paper sheds light on the complex dynamics that shape the Indian agricultural distribution landscape.Furthermore, this review identifies prominent research gaps within the field and offers recommendations for future investigations. By addressing these research gaps, scholars and policymakers can enhance their understanding of the agricultural distribution sector in India and develop more effective strategies to promote its growth and sustainability.  

ABSTRACT
Background: India still has a long way to go in decreasing the infant mortality ratesand catch up with the target of India Newborn Action Plan of reducing the neonatal mortality rate(NMR) to a single digit by 2030. Objective: Newborns admitted to the special newborn care unit (SNCU) ofthe tertiary care facility were analyzed for their morbidity and mortality profiles as well as the factors affecting them. Methods: Data from the SNCU recordsof January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022 was used in this record-based retrospective study. Data of the babies who got care at SNCU were taken and analyzed barring those who were referred or left against medical advice. The Chi-Square test was used to determine the relationship between mortality and various factor withstatistical significance taken as a P-value of <0.05. Results:  Data from 35,995 newborns were analyzed. Of those, 3393 neonates succumbed while 32,602 were successfully discharged. Jaundice in newborns, sepsis and perinatal asphyxia were the main reasons for hospitalization. Sepsis, followed by preterm and birth asphyxia, was the main cause of death. The maturity status, birth weight, type of admission, age of admission, and length of stay were all found to be strongly related to the neonatal mortality. Conclusion: The study places a strong emphasis on monitoring and managing risk variables such maturity status, birth weight, and age of admission, with an emphasis on early management of preterm deliveries and low birth weightin order to lower infant mortality.  

ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Echinacea purpurea is an herbal medicinal plant native to North America and commonly called purple coneflower. It has various health benefits including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, and anticancerproperties. The active substances like secondary metabolites and different essential oils are responsible for its health values. This study aims to isolate the endophytic bacteria from Echinacea purpurea and evaluate these isolates for their antifungal activities. Material and method: The plant leaf, root, flower petal and stem samples of Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) were collected, sterilized, and crushed. Crushed samples were then cultured directly on the nutrient agar media. Grown isolate colonies were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing method followed by BLAST. Each isolate was cultured in LB medium and then antifungal compounds was extracted using ethyl acetate and tested against the target fungal strains. Metabolites profiling was done using GC-MS and biochemical tests were performed. Result: 3 out of 16 isolates exhibited decent antifungal activity against selected pathogenic fungal strains. These 3 isolates were Eb6c, Eb8a, and Eb13 i.e.H. rubrisubalbicans, H. huttiens and P. dispersa respectively.  They shown eminent antifungal activity against Fusarium, Aspergillus and Candida species. Metabolites responsible for antifungal activity such as 1-Heptadecene, 1-Nonadecene were analysed using GC-MS.Biochemical tests detected the IAA production, phosphate solubilisation, siderophore production, N2 fixation and ACC deaminase activity.Conclusion: The study revealed a diverse community of endophytes that can produce bioactive compounds like those in the host plant. Besides, the study identified specific endophytic strains showing promising antimicrobial activities. The isolates perform a great biocontrol and biofertilizer benefits to the host plant.  

ABSTRACT
Phosphorus is one of the important major nutrientsneeded for plant growth. Although the concentration of phosphorus is abundant in most of the soils, its availability is limited due to different soil factors.Problem: To improve P nutrition excess amount of inorganic phosphatic fertilizers are used. This leads to environmental pollution and increased cost of cultivation. The present study was conducted on a Geographical Indication tagged Jasmine cultivar called Shankarpura Jasmine. Farmers growing this crop use chemical inputs indiscriminately to meet its huge demand in the market.Approach: In this study, native phosphate solubilizers were isolated and characterized for their plant growth promotional properties under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Conclusion: Five representative phosphate solubilizing microbes were isolated from ShankarpuraJasmine  rhizosphere. Isolate RPS – 76 was found to be efficient with respect to plant growth promotion compared to other isolates and it was identified as Aspergillusniger based on ITS sequencing.  

ABSTRACT
North East India is well renowned for its rich biodiversity, and the locals there eat differently from those in other parts of the nation. Numerous people in this area considered insects delicacies and used them in their diets. Manipur is a relatively undiscovered region with limited research on the variety of its wildlife, particularly about insects. Even though entomophagy and entomotherapy have been practiced for a long time, there is currently a lack of comprehensive information regarding the nutraceutical potential of edible insects.Thus far, no research has been done on the antioxidant capacity of Gryllotalpa orientalis and Hydrous indicus, two edible insects frequently eaten by Manipur's living population. Herein, we aim to investigate the antioxidant potential of Hydrous indicus andGryllotalpa orientalis. The antioxidant potential activity includes DPPH, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant FRAP assays were studied. The findings show that in the samples of H.indicus andG.orientalis,as for the antioxidant DPPH activity assay, it was observed that IC50=745µg/ml for H.indicus, which is equivalent to IC50 =16.98µg/ml of ascorbic acid, showingH.indicusto be a more potent DPPH scavenger thanG.orientalis. For the ABTS assay, an IC50 value of 253.5µg/ml was recorded for H. indicus, which was found to be equivalent to IC50 = 3.552µg/ml of ascorbic acid, while G.orientalisdid not show any ABTS activity. For the FRAP assay observed in H. indicus(IC50=2.242 ± 0.195 µg/ml) and G.orientalis(IC50=105.7 ± 0.676 µg/ml), which were found equivalent to IC50=0.8348 ± 0.458 µg/ml of ascorbic acid, thus indicating H. indicus is more potent than G.orientalis.The study results suggest that H.indicusand G.orientalishave high antioxidant potential and, therefore, can be sustainable and functional foods in the future. The management of the environment, human health, and food security are thus significantly impacted by these insects.  

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The study was done in the naturally ventilated polyhouse at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Jalandhar, Punjab, in the department of horticulture. The goal was to find out how bio-fertilizer and organic manure affected the growth, yield, and quality of Camarosa strawberries that were grown organically. Research Method: The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. Three manure (vermicompost, neem cake, cocopeat) and 2 biofertilizers (Azobactor and PSB) were applied individually and in composite form of both biofertilizers mixed with individually in each manure and all manure, to compare their individual effect and synergic effect on strawberry plant growth and fruit quality. Findings: The results revealed that the highest fruit productivity was obtained from a combination of Vermicompost @50g plant-1, Neem cake @50g plant-1, Cocopeat @50g plant-1, Azotobacter @1g plant-1, and PSB @1g plant-1 (VC+NC+CP+AZ+PSB), while the largest fruits were obtained from Neem Cake @100g plant-1. No significant differences were found between the different treatments for titratable acidity. The highest T.S.S., ascorbic acid, and total sugar of strawberry fruit were recorded from VC+NC+CP+AZ+PSB treated plants.  Value: The integrated application of bio-stimulants increases the yield and quality of fruits over the individual treatment. The study is useful for the farmers to increase the yield of fruits with natural application.  

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A study was conducted at the Fishery Harbor, Nizampatnam, Bapatla District, Andhra Pradesh, India, to evaluate bacterial populations and the physicochemical quality of water and soil, and their potential impacts on crab aquaculture and environmental health. Soil, water, and crab samples were collected for microbiological and physicochemical analyses. The study identified five bacterial species: Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Escherichia coli, with Vibrio sp. emerging as the most prevalent, particularly in crab intestines, indicating its significant role in the gastrointestinal environment.The physicochemical assessment of soil and water provided insights into factors influencing bacterial distribution. Biochemical tests, including Gram staining, motility, and enzymatic activity assessments, offered a deeper understanding of the metabolic profiles and environmental adaptations of these bacterial species.These findings underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring and the implementation of effective management strategies to control bacterial diseases. Such measures are crucial for enhancing the sustainability of crab aquaculture and ensuring the health of the Fishery Harbor ecosystem. The results emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to mitigate bacterial impacts on environmental health and aquaculture productivity, thereby supporting the long-term viability of the region’s crab farming industry.  

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Introduction: Transaminitis is a condition where serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase increase indicating liver dysfunction. One such disease where liver involvement might be observed is dengue, which is a mosquito-borne viral infection. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of transaminitis among patients with dengue fever in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in western Uttar Pradesh from October 1, 2023 to April 15, 2024 following ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee.Prior to collecting the data, informed written consent was obtained from the participants.To confirm dengue infection a rapid immuno-chromatography test was done .Serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels were measured using the routine Reitman and Frankel's enzymatic method.The study included dengue-confirmed patients from the medical outpatient department and admitted patients in medical ward of the center.Exclusion criteria comprised patients with known prior liver diseases, chronic diseases and pregnant patients.Convenience sampling was employed as the method of participant selection. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Results: Among 200 dengue infected patients, the prevalence of transaminitis was 174 (87%) (37.92-47.13, 95% Confidence Interval). The highest frequency of dengue positive was observed among the 18-35 years age group, which was 97 (52.0%) with male predominance 140 (70.0%). Conclusions: The prevalence of transaminitis among patients with dengue fever in a tertiary care centre was found to be lower than other studies done in similar settings.  

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The present communication reviews the possibilities and advantages of using protocorms in multiplying the genepool of epiphytic orchid Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) by varying the concentration of Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium i.e. half strength and full strength. Regeneration response was triggered by a chemical stimulation in the nutrient mix. Addition of growth regulators [Naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) at 1 mg / l) initiated early response in protocorm segments. Auxins proved best in initiating early response in the cultures as compared to control and BAP supplemented medium. However, BAP favoured protocorm multiplication. The explants invariable followed direct somatic embryogenesis in the cultures. The devised protocol will be helpful in the conservation of Acampe praemorsa, a threatened species of medicinal value.  

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Increasing agricultural productivity is very crucial for ensuring sufficient food supply for the growing population. Low factor productivity is a bottleneck to stimulating economic growth and enhancing food security. The study estimated and compared the total and partial factor productivity of Bambara groundnut production and also analyzed their determinants. It adopted a survey design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 720 smallholder Bambara groundnut farmers. Primary data was collected from the farmers using a well-structured questionnaire. The partial and total factor productivity measures, constant elasticity model as well as a paired samples z- test were used to realize the objectives. The results showed that the female farmers had higher revenue from Bambara groundnut farming than their male counterparts. Three factors (land, labor and other material inputs) were productive for both male and female Bambara groundnut farmers. However, labor had the least productivity index among the three factors for both male and female Bambara groundnut farmers. The male farmers significantly had higher total and partial factor productivity of land and other material inputs whereas the female farmers significantly had higher total and partial factor productivity of labor. Age, net farm income, farming experience, farm size, level of education, access to credit, banditry/herdsmen attack and household size among others, were the significant factors that determined both total and partial factor productivity of the farmers. Any policy aimed at improving the factor productivity (total and partial) of male and female Bambara Groundnut farmers should target the significant factors influencing their productivity.

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In the Kadaknath poultry farming house, fuel/electric-based heating systems are generally used to maintain the required temperatures for high production rate of chicken breeding. A huge amount of fuel/Electricity consumptions for this farming, which leads to high operational cost and creates lots of air pollutant emission to atmosphere. In the recent energy scenario of energy crisis and conventional energy shifted to use renewable energy. In this studies the application of a solar heating system (SHS) for the Kadaknath poultry farming.  

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Migration is an innate adaptive behavior in birds, allowing them to cope with environmental scarcity. During migration, birds follow specific flyways supported by various stopover sites, though they often face injuries and mortality. Many wetland migratory birds use rice fields as foraging sites. Kaipad, an indigenous saline-prone organic rice field associated with mangroves along the riverbanks of North Kerala, serves as a refueling center for these migrants. Over five years, eight species of wetland migratory birds with amputated legs were observed in the Ezhome Kaipad using direct observation methods with binoculars and cameras. Contributing factors to these injuries include natural predators such as birds of prey, mammals, and crustaceans, as well as anthropogenic factors like fishing gear and electric power lines.  

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Artocarpus lakoocha, a wild edible fruit, commonly known as Monkey Jack fruit has numerous benefits and reportedly used by various tribals’ namely Gadaba, Juang, Bhumia, Sanatala, Paika etc. of Odisha.  However, there is limited information available regarding the fruit's chemical composition. Present study aims to identify the volatile compounds present in this underexplored fruit. GC-MS analysis has been to know the chemical content of Artocarpuslakoocha fruit. The methanol extract, which is light yellow in color, contains fifty volatile compounds. The most prevalent compound is 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), comprising 38.26% of the extract. Other significant components include 3,5-Dimethylpyrazole-1-meth(DMP), Furazan-3-ol, 4-amino-, 1,2,3,5-Cyclohexanetetrol, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-, Sucrose; Glycerine;D-Allose; Ribitol; Hexanoic Acid; 9,12,15 Octadecadienoic acid and Oxirane, tertradecyl . FTIR analysis of the dried fruit powder revealed absorption bands indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups, C-H stretches, ketenes, isothiocyanates, alkynes, aldehydes, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, amines, tertiary and primary alcohols, fluoro compounds, and aromatic compounds. These findings suggest that the fruit possesses significant antioxidant potential and contains various compounds with anticancer, antimicrobial, and food flavouring properties. Consequently, it may have applications in pharmaceutical and health-related fields.  

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Background: Cirrhosis is the end stage of every chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis and the replacement of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules which interferes with liver function and results in portal hypertension. Upper Gastro-intestinal (UGI) endoscopy still remains the gold standard for screening and diagnosing esophageal varices , but it has its own limitation like, it is an invasive procedure, expensive and needs expertise too, which may be not available in all hospital settings at all times. The present study will be undertaken to find the correlation between  serum nitric oxide levels, platelet count, spleen  longitudinal diameter and its ratio with presence of esophageal varices in patients. It is simple, quick and reproducible so that unnecessary UGI endoscopy can be limited.  

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The present investigation is centered on the evaluation of antioxidant activity and detection of antioxidants in different plant parts of some selected members of zingiberaceae such as Alpinia nutans (L.), Amomum subulatum Roxb., Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm., Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham., Elettaria cardamomum Maton., and Curcuma longa (L.).  Antioxidant activity was determined by an Assay of POD (peroxidase) activity (EC-1.11.1.7). High phenolic content, higher ascorbic acid content, and high antioxidant activity (POD) in different plant parts of all the selected members were obtained fromAlpinia nutans rhizome, Alpinia nutans leaf, and Costus speciosusroot respectively. An attempt has also been made to extract xanthones to confirm the presence of more antioxidant compounds, due to the high antioxidant potential of Zingiberaceae members. Todetect xanthone, methanolic extracts of the plant parts were scanned in the wavelength ranging from 200-800 nm using a Simadzu UV-1800 Series Spectrophotometer, and the characteristic peaks were detected. However, the resulting peaks were observed in the 200-400 nm wavelength. Amomum, Hedychium, and Costus were noted to contain xanthone. This is the first report on the presence of xanthone and the spectrophotometric method for its detection in these plants.