ABSTRACT
Hypertension and depression have synergistically garnered significant attention in the medical community with its growing prevalence in the past decades. These conditions have impacted the individuals and society at large especially low-income countries like Nigeria. Some neurotropic and proteins has been linked with the etiology of both conditions, hence the design of this study. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the serum level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hypertensive individuals with and without depression. 90 individuals were recruited, this included forty-five (45) newly diagnosed hypertensive individuals recruited based on their medical history, and forty-five (45) were non-hypertensive individuals. Depressed individuals were recruited with the aid of public health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), in total this study comprised of 4 groups; fourteen (14) hypertensive individuals with depression, thirty-one (31) hypertensive individuals without depression (hypertensive), fifteen (15) non-hypertensive individuals with depression (depressive) and thirty (30) non-hypertensive individuals without depression (control). The depressed individuals were determined from screening secondarily using patient health questionnaire-9. Determination of Serum BDNF level was done using ELISA method. Anthropometric measurement was done using standard techniques. The result shows decreased serum BDNF level in hypertensive individuals with depression (119.63±27.66), hypertensive (155.76±53.52) and depressive individuals (156.56±47.77) when compared with control group (191.57±50.96) (p<0.05 respectively). Reduction in BDNF level was more pronounced in hypertensive with depression in both male and female hypertensive. BDNF was negatively correlated with body mass index among hypertensive individuals with depression (r=-0.730, p<0.05). 31.1% prevalence of depression was observed among hypertensive individuals in NAUTH Nnewi. The study reveals significant alteration in serum BDNF level in depressive and hypertensive individuals. This provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms connecting these conditions. The understanding opens avenues for diagnostic and novel therapeutic interventions aimed at improving both cardiovascular and mental health outcomes.

ABSTRACT
The Right to Reproduction (RTR) is a fundamental human right that ensures individuals can make choices about family planning and reproductive health. Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the primary right of all couples and persons to decide liberally and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the rights to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions regarding reproduction free. The struggle for women’s ‘reproductive rights’ has resulted in the right to contraception being conceded in many parts of the world, although women still lack easy access to affordable contraceptives which are free from side-effects. Yet even today, these services are denied to women in many other parts of the world. Despite its significance, RTR faces opposition rooted in morality, ethics, and religion, with some arguing that controlling birth contradicts natural human evolution. In India, ancient texts condemned abortion, equating it with immorality and violating principles like ahimsa. The right to abortion, recognized as fundamental, allows individuals to make choices about their bodies and health. Historically criminalized under the IPC, in 1860, abortion was legalized through the MTP Act, of 1971, addressing issues like maternal health and consent, while still grappling with societal and moral pressures surrounding women’s autonomy. India’s legal framework on abortion and contraception remains inadequate, failing to address women’s healthcare and reproductive rights. Despite laws against child marriage, high maternal deaths persist. The National Population Policy highlights contraceptive access, yet unsafe abortions contribute significantly to maternal mortality, undermining women’s autonomy and reproductive health. The right to abortion is essential for safeguarding women’s health, dignity, and autonomy. It enables informed decision-making regarding pregnancy and supports reproductive rights, including access to safe and legal abortion. The MTP Amendment Act, 2021, enhances these rights, promoting gender equality and addressing socioeconomic disparities. Legal abortion reduces unsafe procedures, fosters women’s control over their bodies, and improves public health outcomes. Thus, abortion laws play a vital role in advancing social justice and gender equality in society. Reproductive rights are recognized internationally as fundamental human rights, underscored by frameworks like the WHO constitution and CEDAW. In India, the right to abortion is increasingly acknowledged as part of a woman’s right to privacy and personal liberty, especially through landmark judgments such as Suchitra Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration and K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. Despite a robust legal framework, challenges remain, including maternal mortality, unsafe abortions, and inadequate access to reproductive healthcare. The Indian judiciary plays a crucial role in safeguarding these rights, with rulings affirming that reproductive autonomy is essential for women’s dignity and health. The Supreme Court has emphasized that decisions about pregnancy should reside with the woman, addressing societal and moral pressures that often hinder this autonomy. However, the unavailability of enforceable laws means that true reproductive rights remain elusive. Legislative reforms are essential to align with judicial interpretations, ensuring that women receive comprehensive healthcare, access to contraceptives, and protection against child marriage. For India to realize its commitment to reproductive rights, a rights-based legal framework must be established, empowering women to make informed choices about their bodies and future. The Right to Reproduction (RTR) is essential for empowering individuals in their reproductive health choices. While the MTP Act of 1971 marked significant progress by legalizing abortion, societal and moral pressures continue to impede women’s autonomy. The MTP Amendment Act of 2021 expanded access and acknowledged the rights of unmarried women, reflecting a positive shift. However, persistent stigma and complex ethical debates around autonomy versus foetal rights remain challenges. For true reproductive justice, India must dismantle societal barriers, ensure comprehensive healthcare, and recognize women's rights as fundamental, fostering an equitable society where every woman can exercise her autonomy and make informed choices.  

ABSTRACT
Most of the pesticides such as permethrin, profenos, and alderine effect on male reproductive function, including sperm head morphology and spermatogenesis. Several studies have reported that pesticides caused testicular oxidative stress, which has been linked to infertility and show significant teratogenic, mutagenic, and clastogenic. The aim of the present research is to investigate the effect of permethrin on protein index on reproductive organ in male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus). After the treatment, experimental animals were sacrificed and analysis the protein index by lowry method. The result of permethrin group shows significant declined the protein level at (p < 0.05) as compared to the control groups.  The protein index in testis was0.009 ± 0.2, caput epididymis 0.013±0.1 cauda epididymis0.014±0.1,Vas deference-0.017 ±0.3 and Seminal vesicles-0.015 ± 0.1in control groups. The protein index in testis was 0.008 ±0.2, caput edidymis-0.012±0.4cauda epididymis-0.013±0.1, Vas deference-0.015 ±0.1and seminal vesicles-0.014 ±0.2in PM-1 groups and the protein index in testis was 0.004±0.3, caput epididymis-0.011±0.2 cauda epididymis-0.012±0.1, Vas deference0.015±0.3,Seminal vesicles0.013±0.2in PM-2 groups, In the present research work, permethrin administration shows a significant decrease of protein index in reproductive organ.  

ABSTRACT
Silver nanoparticles were synthesised using peanut shell waste, to assess it’s effect on growth, biochemical and anti diabetic activity of Raphanus sativus L. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by various physicochemical techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared  spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy.UV absorption showed a characteristic absorption peak of silver nanoparticles at 245nm.FTIR measurement was carried out to identify the possible Hydroxyl, carbonyl and CH groups The effect of silver nanoparticles  sprayed with a different concentration (25%, 50%)  led to increased the growth parameters,  biochemical activity such as photosynthetic pigment, folic acid, vitamin C contents and anti diabetic activity of radish plant. The concentration of 25% sprayed AgNPs was found to be the most effective in the growth of radish plants.  

ABSTRACT
Background: The scarcity of literature in the eastern region of India about the indications, clinical profiles, short-term outcomes, and complications of mechanical ventilation (MV) among children aged 1 month–12 years called for this research work. Methods: This record-based retrospective study was carried out over one year in the pediatric intensive care unit of Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital. 138 children who received MV for 24 hours or more were enrolled. Data regarding basic demography, clinical profiles, indications, short-term outcomes, and complications of MV were recorded in standard case record proforma. EpiInfo (3.5.1) software was used to analyze data. A continuous variable was expressed in mean, median, and standard deviation, and a categorical one in rate and ratio. A chi-square test was performed to compare categorical variables, and a P value <0.05 was set as statistically significant. Results: The incidence of MV was 15.07%. 65.22% of ventilated children belonged to the infant group. The four major clinical conditions, which included pneumonia, sepsis, central nervous system infections, and snake envenomation, accounted for 46.38%, 19.58%, 8.7%, and 5.8% of MV, respectively. The survival rate was higher in non-infectious conditions than the infection one (42.86% vs. 31.82%). The children with snake envenomation and cardiac cause showed the highest and lowest survival rates (75% and 16.67%), respectively. The endotracheal tube block was the most common complication (9.42%). Conclusion: The PICU personnel now know a lot more from this study, including how to better evaluate the patients who need MV, avoid iatrogenic consequences, and enhance the effectiveness of MV. An important finding of this study was that, of all the MV cases, snake envenomation accounted for 5.8% and had the greatest survival rate (75%)—a fact that has seldom been reported in the literature.  

ABSTRACT
The present review provides insights into the molecular aspects of mycorrhizal associations in orchids. Orchids rely on mutualistic associations with mycorrhizal fungi for successful germination, development, and survival. Orchid mycorrhiza refer to the mutualistic association between orchids and specific fungi that colonize their roots and provide essential nutrients. These fungi are often highly specific to a particular orchid species. This symbiotic relationship supports orchids in overcoming their reliance on external nutritional sources during their initial life stages. The fungal partner provides essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphate, and trace elements. This association extends beyond seedling growth, with mycorrhizae aiding mature orchids, particularly in nutrient-poor environments. Different orchid species exhibit varying degrees of selectivity for their fungal partnerships. The composition of mycorrhizal fungi varies significantly among different orchid species, indicating that specific fungal partners may be essential for the growth and survival of particular orchid taxa. Molecular techniques, such have been employed to analyze the mycobiome associated with orchids, revealing a diverse array of fungal taxa, including Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae, which are predominant in many orchid species. Recent review has focused on mycorrhizal associations in orchids and put insight into molecular analysis of fungal partner.

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with trend pattern analysis of pearl millet production in three pearl millet growing states of India, namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. The secondary time series data on production of pearl millet during 2002-2022 is utilized for the investigation. Some well known models viz., linear, quadratic, cubic and exponential models are fitted to the concerned time series data, and trend values have been obtained. The precision of the fitted models have been evaluated using coefficient of determination (????2), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative mean absolute percentage error (RMAPE). The findings of the investigation reveal that the cubic model is appropriate for forecasting of future trend of pearl millet production in the concerned states.  

ABSTRACT
Cholesterol estimation is a crucial biochemical parameter in toxicological and metabolic studies. Conventional quantification methods require large serum volumes, limiting their functionality for small animal models like Swiss albino mice. This study presents a novel micromethod for rapid serum cholesterol quantification using a modified Zlatkis and Zak approach, requiring only 10 µl of serum. The method is based on the colorimetric reaction of cholesterol with ferric chloride and sulphuric acid, forming a stable reddish-purple complex measurable at 540 nm. Assessment of the modified micromethod against the conventional technique showed a high correlation (R² > 0.99), with statistically insignificant differences in cholesterol values (t = 0.908, p > 0.05). The mean cholesterol concentration obtained using the micromethod was 124.93 ± 6.11 mg/100 ml, closely matching the traditional method’s result of 123.92 ± 6.09 mg/100 ml. This technique significantly reduces the required sample volume while maintaining accuracy, making it an efficient, ethical and minimally invasive approach for biochemical assessments in small animal models. The modified micromethod facilitates longitudinal studies and multiple biochemical evaluations, thereby improving research efficiency in toxicology and metabolic disorders.  

ABSTRACT
Pesticides are being utilized in different crops to satisfy the needs of an expanding population. In addition to agriculture, pesticides are used for a variety of other things including home gardening, control of disease-carrying insects, and other things. Though pesticides have positive effects on agriculture, they also have negative side effects and are getting worse day by day. Agrochemical runoff into streams and rivers can contaminate aquatic life, animals, and human beings through biomagnifications. Numerous theoretical and experimental studies show that pesticide residues can have long-term detrimental impacts on the health of people and animals as well as the stability of ecosystems, even if current formulations are relatively safe for non-target species. Any kind of human pesticide exposure can increase the likelihood of acquiring chronic conditions like diabetes, Parkinson's disease, cancer, asthma, reproductive problems, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Since everyone is exposed to pesticides in some way, an eco-friendly substitute must be developed. On the other side, bioactive nanoparticles have a limited lifespan, minimal environmental impact, and are biodegradable. Being in its initial stages, the use of bioactive nanomaterials to degrade synthetic pesticides is progressively gaining popularity and can be one of the promising degradation techniques in due course of time. The district of Bargarh in western Odisha is currently the unofficial cancer capital of the state. According to experts, the extensive use of pesticides in agriculture may be responsible for the high frequency of cancer. Bargarh has the highest rate of cancer cases out of the 30 districts of Odisha. 33 districts of three states (Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh), Bargarh district of Odisha reported the most cancer cases between 2014 and 2017. Cancer prevalence in this district is up to 25.37% of the total population. This review focuses on exposure pathways of pesticides on people, the environment, and other creatures, as well as the pesticide degradation by different means.  

ABSTRACT
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis now constitute the major etiology of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is rising due to the change in lifestyle habits, diet and obesity. Metabolic syndrome is closely related with the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies showed that prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising in Indian population. This study was conducted to look into the current status of the metabolic syndrome in urban and rural population. Methods: The study was conducted among patients attending General Medicine OPD/IPD. Each participant was subjected to clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, laboratory investigations and abdominal ultrasound. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasound and metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on modified NCEP: ATP III criteria. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 20 % and was higher among male population (22.88%) as compared to females (18.24%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among NAFLD and control groups were 45% and 16% respectively. Conclusions: Present study has shown moderate prevalence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome among the rural population of western Uttar Pradesh with a more male predisposition.  

ABSTRACT
Ipomoea is an important genus that involves about 600 species of the Convolvulaceae family. The morning glory family, Convolvulaceae, is extensively distributed in temperate, tropical, and subtropical areas. Many Ipomoea species have considerable importance such as medicinal, ornamental, industrial, and food crops. Various species of the genus Ipomoea have been reported for anticancer activity as well. This study represents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) using Ipomoea parasitica (“Yellow- Throated Morning glory”)leaf and stem extracts, and investigate the cytotoxicity.The silver nanoparticles of leaves (IPL-AgNPS) and stem (IPS-AgNPS) of I. parasitica showed more cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines, Helawith IC50 values of 64.32±1.672µg/ml, 43.45±1.159µg/ml, and A-549 with IC50 values of 78.67±2.146µg/ml, 70.12±1.823 µg/mlrespectively. These findings conclude that I. parasitica is a promising source of active compounds effective against cancer cell lines and hence we can further use for the development of new anticancer agents especially for the Hela and A-549.